Table S4.

Associations between the four mutually exclusive frailty transition categories and the type of death using an inverse probability weighting approach

Characteristics	Odds ratio	95% confidence interval	P-value
Type 1: <30 bedridden days with no suffering
Remaining nonfrail and prefrail	1.00	Reference	–
Worsening	1.96	1.18, 3.25	0.009
Improvement	0.96	0.47, 1.96	0.900
Remaining frail	2.83	1.54, 5.20	<0.001
Type 2: <30 bedridden days with suffering
Remaining nonfrail and prefrail	1.00	Reference	–
Worsening	1.61	0.93, 2.80	0.088
Improvement	1.23	0.61, 2.47	0.569
Remaining frail	2.37	1.19, 4.71	0.014
Type 3: ≥30 bedridden days with no suffering
Remaining nonfrail and prefrail	1.00	Reference	–
Worsening	2.18	1.11, 4.29	0.024
Improvement	1.22	0.49, 3.03	0.670
Remaining frail	3.81	1.77, 8.18	<0.001
Type 4: ≥30 bedridden days with suffering
Remaining nonfrail and prefrail	1.00	Reference	–
Worsening	1.85	0.92, 3.74	0.086
Improvement	1.01	0.38, 2.69	0.987
Remaining frail	4.25	1.92, 9.41	<0.001

Notes: Model adjusted for age, sex, race/ethnicity (Han vs others), residence (rural vs others), marital status (currently married vs others), education (illiterate vs literate), primary lifetime occupation (white collar occupation vs other), smoking status (smoked in the past 5 years vs others), regular exercise (yes vs no), religious involvement (yes vs no), economic independence (yes vs no), family in good economic standing (self-rated as rich compared with other families in the community, yes vs no), and being in receipt of adequate medication for any illness (yes vs no).