Table 3.

Factors associated with depression in patients with early COPD

Variables	Univariate analysis			Multivariate analysisa
	OR	95% CI	P-value	OR	95% CI	P-value
Age	0.99	0.95–1.03	0.64	0.99	0.98–1.01	0.45
Sex, female	3.09	0.27–35.14	0.36	1.79	1.38–2.31	<0.01
Living style, live alone	6.51	2.16–19.62	<0.01	1.86	1.37–2.51	<0.01
Income
Low vs high	0.73	0.25–2.12	0.56	2.17	1.55–3.04	<0.01
Level of education
Primary vs university level	1.43	0.51–3.97	0.50	0.75	0.50–1.11	0.15
DM	2.82	1.15–6.87	0.02	1.23	0.88–1.72	0.22
FEV1, % predicted	0.99	0.96–1.02	0.35
FEV1/FVC	0.10	0–72.72	0.49

Note:

^aAdjusted for age, sex, BMI, living style, level of income, level of education and comorbid DM.

Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; DM, diabetes mellitus; FEV₁, forced expiratory volume in 1 second; FVC, forced vital capacity.