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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2018 May 19.
Published in final edited form as: J Learn Disabil. 2016 Jan 11;50(4):422–433. doi: 10.1177/0022219415618501

Table 3.

Pattern of Contributions of Executive Skills to Reading Outcomes Based on Hierarchical Multiple Regression Analyses (in Table 2).

Executive skill Single word reading Contextual word reading Fluency Comprehension
Processing speed − + + +
Problem solving − − − +
Working memory + + + +
Shifting + + + −

Note. Significant relations indicated by +; nonsignificant relations indicated by −.