Table 2.
Liver enzymes, kidney function, lipids, and oxidative stress markers at baseline and 45 and 90 days.
| Measure | Reference range | Time | RBAC | Placebo |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ALP (U/L)∗ | Male (40–129) Female (35–104) |
Baseline | 86 ± 37.6 (47, 172) | 86.1 ± 31.8 (44, 141) |
| 45 days | 81.2 ± 27.5 (45, 130) | 91.8 ± 39.8 (43, 168) | ||
| 90 days | 80 ± 25.4 (50, 140) | 96.8 ± 38.1 (46, 159) | ||
|
| ||||
| ALT (U/L) | Male (0–40) Female (0–35) |
Baseline | 39.4 ± 21.9 (12, 74) | 57.8 ± 37 (13, 114) |
| 45 days | 35.9 ± 22.9 (11, 83) | 59 ± 42.7 (16, 140) | ||
| 90 days | 38.6 ± 30.5 (13, 118) | 55.4 ± 49 (13, 165) | ||
|
| ||||
| AST (U/L) | Male (0–43) Female (0–32) |
Baseline | 28.8 ± 10.3 (17, 48) | 42.6 ± 20.2 (14, 92) |
| 45 days | 29.2 ± 13.4 (15, 56) | 43.3 ± 22.1 (20, 83) | ||
| 90 days | 30.4 ± 17.9 (17, 81) | 44.4 ± 30.3 (19, 120) | ||
|
| ||||
| AST/ALT ratio | Male (<1) Female (<1) |
Baseline | 0.86 ± 0.31 (0.58, 1.44) | 0.9 ± 0.34 (0.48, 1.39) |
| 45 days | 0.95 ± 0.33 (0.58, 1.54) | 0.9 ± 0.36 (0.56, 1.65) | ||
| 90 days | 0.92 ± 0.32 (0.57, 1.67) | 1.02 ± 0.42 (0.52, 1.72) | ||
|
| ||||
|
γ-Glutamyl transferase (IU/L) |
0–51 | Baseline | 67.5 ± 80.6 (13, 304) | 78.6 ± 87.7 (8, 300) |
| 45 days | 51.4 ± 49.3 (15, 182) | 83.1 ± 74.1 (14, 248) | ||
| 90 days | 46.7 ± 38.1 (13, 126) | 98.2 ± 94.6 (15, 291) | ||
|
| ||||
| Albumin (g/dL) | 3.5–5.2 | Baseline | 4.6 ± 0.3 (4.1, 4.9) | 4.5 ± 0.4 (3.6, 4.9) |
| 45 days | 4.5 ± 0.2 (4.3, 4.7) | 4.5 ± 0.5 (3.3, 5.2) | ||
| 90 days | 4.5 ± 0.3 (4, 4.9) | 4.6 ± 0.5 (3.5, 5) | ||
|
| ||||
| Non-HDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | <100 for healthy subjects; <80 for subjects with coronary artery disease | Baseline | 142.5 ± 26.7 (81, 184) | 146.7 ± 68.8 (36, 275) |
| 45 days | 147.9 ± 33.6 (103, 214) | 143.3 ± 65.7 (33, 247) | ||
| 90 days | 142.8 ± 28.1 (96, 206) | 144.6 ± 55.7 (37, 220) | ||
|
| ||||
| 4-Hydroxynonenal (μg/mL) |
None | Baseline | 121.1 ± 163.6 (6.2, 588.1) | 144.5 ± 203 (5.7, 636.9) |
| 45 days | 112.7 ± 150.8 (13.3, 534.7) | 252.4 ± 367.4 (5.9, 1035.7) | ||
| 90 days | 75.9 ± 50.8 (19.4, 157.7) | 911.3 ± 2,258.3 (7.9, 6,485.6) | ||
Note. Values are mean ± standard deviation (minimum, maximum). ALP: alkaline phosphatase; ALT: alanine transaminase; AST: aspartate transaminase; and HDL: high-density lipoprotein. ∗Percent change difference (p < 0.05) from baseline to 90 days.