Table 1.
Participants' characteristics of type I diabetes (n = 853).
| Characteristics | Men (n = 436)— 51.1% | Women (n = 417)— 48.9% | Difference p value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age∗, mean (years) ± SD | 34.7 ± 7.4 | 36.1 ± 6.4 | 0.001 |
| Marital status, n (%) | |||
| Single | 41 (9.40) | 24 (5.8) | 0.643 |
| Married | 299 (68.6) | 297 (71.2) | |
| Widow | 71 (16.3) | 29 (7.0) | |
| Separated | 25 (5.7) | 67 (16.1) | |
| Education status, n (%) | |||
| Primary | 80 (18.3) | 22 (5.3) | 0.021 |
| Intermediate | 129 (29.6) | 69 (16.5) | |
| Secondary | 201 (16.1) | 207 (49.6) | |
| University | 26 (6.0) | 159 (38.1) | |
| Occupation, n (%) | |||
| Government | 95 (21.8) | 101 (24.3) | 0.77 |
| Private | 87 (20.0) | 84 (20.1) | |
| Business | 254 (85.2) | 232 (55.6) | |
| Diabetes exposure, mean (years) ± SD | 15.5 ± 4.3 | 12.9 ± 6.8 | 0.001 |
| Glycosylated hemoglobin, mean ± SD | 9.3 ± 0.8 | 8.9 ± 1.3 | 0.485 |
| Comorbidity, n (%) | |||
| Congestive heart failure | 147 (33.7) | 284 (68.1) | 0.001 |
| Hyperlipidemia | 239 (54.8) | 113 (27.1) | |
| Mild renal disease | 11 (2.6) | 7 (1.7) | |
| None | 39 (8.9) | 13 (3.1) | |
| Mental healthł, mean ± SD | 5.73 ± 2.14 | 6.98 ± 1.71 | 0.013 |
| Health perception≠, mean ± SD | 4.11 ± 1.22 | 6.46 ± 1.53 | 0.001 |
| Role functioning, n (%) | |||
| Impaired | 140 (32.1) | 205 (49.2) | 0.189 |
| Normal | 296 (67.9) | 212 (50.8) | |
| Social functioning, n (%) | |||
| Impaired | 96 (22.0) | 101 (24.2) | 0.014 |
| Normal | 340 (78.0) | 316 (75.8) | |
| Physical functioning | |||
| Impairments | 138 (31.7) | 169 (40.5) | 0.017 |
| No impairments | 298 (68.3) | 248 (59.5) | |
| Pain, n (%)—yes | 188 (43.1) | 271 (64.9) | 0.001 |
| Problem areas in diabetes (PAID) (diabetes distress scale), mean ± SD┼ | 36.4 ± 11.83 | 48.1 ± 10.51 | 0.011 |
∗Age range = 20–63 years, łRange = 0–10, ≠Range = 0–10, ┼Range = (0–100), —Participants scoring ≥ 40 predicts “emotional burnout” in contrast participants with drop to ≤10 indicative for denial.