Figure 1.

a) Each trial began with a white fixation dot; participants were instructed to keep their eyes on the white dot whenever it was on the screen. After participants were fixating, a black square (memory cue) appeared on the screen for participants to remember the location of, either in retinotopic coordinates or spatiotopic coordinates, depending on the session. After the cue disappeared, participants fixated for another 500 seconds. Depending on the saccade condition, the fixation point moved to a new location between 0–2 times, waiting until the eye-tracker had picked up the participants’ correct fixation before moving to the next location. After an 850ms delay at the final fixation location, participants were signaled to respond, either by a cursor that appeared at the fixation (mouse response sessions), or by a color change in the fixation dot (touchscreen response sessions). After participants responded, a square appeared at their responded location (green), followed by another at the correct location (black) to give participants feedback. b) Examples of correct responses in the spatiotopic task (pink) and the retinotopic task (green).