Table 2.

Intervention effects of a whole grain (WG) versus a refined grain (RG) diet on individual plasma bile acids (n=80)

	Baseline ^a	RG diet ^a	WG diet ^a	p-value ^b
Primary bile acids	µM	µM	µM
Taurocholic acid	0.26 (0.45)	0.20 (0.23)	0.44 (0.92)	<0.001 ^c
Glycocholic acid	0.51 (0.52)	0.42 (0.54)	0.77 (1.75)	<0.001 ^c
Taurochenodeoxycholic acid	0.22 (0.22)	0.15 (0.15)	0.21 (0.31)	0.04
Glycochenodeoxycholic acid	0.49 (0.35)	0.38 (0.47)	0.32 (0.02)	0.04
Chenodeoxycholic acid	0.89 (1.05)	0.66 (0.80)	0.63 (0.97)	0.44
Cholic acid	1.02 (1.83)	0.46 (0.52)	0.56 (1.15)	0.50
Secondary bile acids
Taurolithocholic acid	0.00 (0.00)	0.003 (0.002)	0.01 (0.01)	<0.001 ^c
Hyocholic acid	0.01 (0.01)	0.01 (0.01)	0.01 (0.01)	0.03
Glycohyodeoxycholic acid	0.29 (0.30)	0.24 (0.25)	0.24 (0.52)	0.06
Tauro-ursodeoxycholic acid	0.02 (0.02)	0.02 (0.02)	0.02 (0.02)	0.10
Ursodeoxycholic acid	0.02 (0.03)	0.82 (0.62)	0.78 (0.67)	0.15
Hyodeoxycholic acid	0.86 (0.60)	0.19 (0.25)	0.19 (0.34)	0.16
Tauro-Ω muricholic acid	0.20 (0.21)	0.02 (0.02)	0.02 (0.04)	0.16
Deoxycholic acid	0.94 (0.66)	0.89 (0.67)	0.85 (0.74)	0.17
Taurodeoxycholic acid	0.21 (0.26)	0.16 (0.17)	0.20 (0.27)	0.23
Glycoursodeoxycholic acid	0.07 (0.06)	0.06 (0.06)	0.06 (0.12)	0.30
Glycolithocholic acid	0.54 (0.68)	0.03 (0.01)	0.03 (0.01)	0.37
Glycodeoxycholic acid	0.23 (0.22)	0.43 (0.54)	0.49 (0.61)	0.41
Isolithocholic acid	0.04 (0.02)	0.05 (0.03)	0.05 (0.04)	0.44
5β-Cholanic acid-3β, 12α-diol	0.25 (0.36)	0.25 (0.22)	0.24 (0.22)	0.45
9(11), (5β)-Cholenic acid 3α-ol-12-one	0.03 (0.02)	0.04 (0.02)	0.04 (0.02)	0.50
Tauro-α muricholic acid	0.05 (0.04)	0.06 (0.07)	0.05 (0.05)	0.52
Taurohyocholic acid	0.02 (0.01)	0.01 (0.01)	0.01 (0.01)	0.58
Murocholic acid	0.04 (0.02)	0.32 (0.63)	0.34 (0.68)	0.61
Taurohyodeoxycholic acid	0.02 (0.02)	0.04 (0.03)	0.04 (0.04)	0.71
5-Cholenic acid-3β-ol	0.06 (0.07)	0.02 (0.01)	0.02 (0.01)	0.78
Glycohyocholic acid	0.05 (0.04)	0.06 (0.06)	0.06 (0.06)	0.84
Lithocholic acid	0.02 (0.01)	0.04 (0.02)	0.04 (0.02)	0.90
3α-Hydroxy-12 ketolithocholic acid	0.03 (0.02)	0.02 (0.01)	0.02 (0.01)	1.00

Mean plasma bile acid concentrations (standard deviation) at baseline and end of each dietary intervention.

P values derived from linear mixed models comparing the two intervention diets at the end of treatment on individual bile acids, adjusted for baseline bile acid concentrations, diet sequence, diet period, batch, age, sex and body mass index (kg/m²).

Statistically significant with Benjamini-Hochberg (FDR < 0.05 for 29 tests).