Table 3.

Risk scores for evaluating anticoagulated individual’s risk of bleeding

Risk score	C statistic (95% CI)	Variables	Risk category
mOBRI [35]	0.78 (N/A)	Age ≥ 65, previous stroke, gastrointestinal bleed, ≥ 1 of the following comorbidities (recent MI, hematocrit < 30%, creatinine > 1.5 mg/ml, diabetes)	Low risk: 0; intermediate risk: 1–2; high risk: ≥ 3
HEMORR2HAGE [36]	0.67 (N/A)	Prior bleed (2 points), hepatic or renal disease, ethanol abuse, malignancy, age ≥ 75, reduced platelet count or function, uncontrolled hypertension, anemia, genetic factor, excessive fall risk, stroke	Low risk: 0–1; intermediate risk: 2–3; high risk: ≥ 4
Shireman [37]	0.63 (N/A)	Age ≥ 70 (0.49 points), female (0.32 points), remote bleed (0.58 points), recent bleed (0.62 points), alcohol/drug abuse (0.71 points), diabetes (0.27 points), anemia (0.86 points), antiplatelet (0.32 points)	Low risk: 0–1.07; intermediate risk: 1.07–2.19; high risk: ≥ 2.19
HAS-BLED [38]	0.72 (0.64–0.79)	Uncontrolled systolic blood pressure, abnormal renal/liver function, stroke, bleeding history, labile international normalized ratio, age ≥ 65, drug, concomitant alcohol	Low risk: 0–1; intermediate risk: 2; high risk: ≥ 3
ATRIA [39]	0.74 (0.70–0.78)	Anemia (3 points), severe renal disease (eGFR < 30 ml/min or dialysis-dependent) (3 points), age ≥ 75 (2 points), previous bleed, hypertension	Low risk: 0–3; intermediate risk: 4; high risk: ≥5
ORBIT [40]	0.69 (0.63–0.74)	Age ≥ 74, insufficient kidney function (eGFR < 60 ml/min), antiplatelet, bleeding history (2 points), anemia (2 points), abnormal hemoglobin (< 13 mg/dL for males and < 12 mg/dL for females) (2 points)	Low risk: 0–2; intermediate risk: 3; high risk: ≥ 4

ATRIA anticoagulation and risk factors in atrial fibrillation, CI confidence interval, eGFR estimated glomerular filtration rate, MI myocardial infarction, mOBRI modified outpatient bleeding risk index, ORBIT outcomes registry for better informed treatment of atrial fibrillation