Table 1. The main findings of studies for egg intakes and metabolic diseases.
| Author, year | Subjects | Country | Diseases/outcomes | Exposure category | Control or reference category | Result | Main findings |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cross-sectional study | |||||||
| Shi et al., 2011 | 1,308 men, 1,541 women aged ≥20 y | China | T2D | ≥1 egg/d | <2 eggs/wk | N | The adjusted odds of T2D were 2.28 (95% CI, 1.14–4.54) for men, 3.01 (95% CI, 1.12-8.12) for women in ≥1 egg/day group compared with the <2 eggs/week group |
| Spence et al., 2012 | 1,262 subjects attending Canadian vascular prevention clinics | Canada | Plaque area | ≥3 egg/d | <2 eggs/wk | N | The patients consuming <2 eggs/week of plaque area was 125 mm2, versus 132 mm2 in those consuming ≥3 eggs/week |
| Shin et al., 2017 | 130,420 subjects aged 40-69 years | Korea | Metabolic syndrome | 7 eggs/wk | ≤1 egg/wk | P | 7 eggs/week group decreased the risk for MetS (OR, 0.77; 95% CI, 0.70-0.84) compared with ≤1 egg/week group in women |
| Cohort study | |||||||
| Djousse et al., 2009 | 20,703 men, 36,295 women | USA | T2D | 7 eggs/wk | <1 egg/wk | N | The HRs of T2D was 1.58 (95% CI, 1.25–2.01) in men, and 1.77 (95% CI, 1.28–2.43) in women with 7 eggs/week group compared with the <1 egg/week group. |
| Djousse and Gaziano, 2008a | 21,275 subjects | USA | Heart failure | ≥1 egg/d | <1 egg/wk | N | The incidences of HF significantly increased (HR, 1.64; 95% CI, 1.08–2.49) in ≥1 egg/day group compared with the <1 egg/week |
| Djousse and Gaziano, 2008b | 21,327 subjects | USA | CVD and mortality | ≥7 eggs/wk | <1 egg/wk | N | The adjusted Hazard ratio for mortality was 1.23 (95% CI, 1.11-1.36) in ≥7 eggs per week group compared with the <1 egg/week |
| Guo et al., 2017 | 2,512 subjects aged 45-59 years | UK | CVD, T2D, stroke, mortality | ≥5 eggs/wk | Never or <1 egg/wk | N | The incidence of stroke increased with higher egg consumption among T2D and/or IGT sub-group (HR, 2.87; 95% CI, 1.13-7.27) |
| Hu et al., 1999 | 37,851 men aged 40-75 years, 80,082 women aged 34-59 years | USA | CHD | 1 egg/d | <1 egg /wk | N | The incidences of CHD significantly increased (HR, 2.02; 95% CI, 1.05-3.87 in men, HR, 1.49; 95% CI, 0.88-2.52 in women) in 1 egg/day group compared with the <1 egg/week among diabetic subjects |
| Larsson et al., 2015 | 37,766 men, 32,805 women | Sweden | CVD | ≥1 egg/d | 0–3 eggs/mon | N | The incidences of CVD increased (HR, 1.99; 95% CI, 1.12-3.53 in men) in ≥1 egg/day group compared with the 0–3 egg /month group |
| Nakamura et al., 2006 | Cohort I (27,439 men, 27 073 women) Cohort II (31,750 men, 30,665 women) | Japan | CHD | Almost every day | <1 egg/wk | N | Adjusted HRs revealed significantly associated with CHD (HR, 2.17; 95% CI, 1.22-3.85) in almost daily egg intake group compared with the <1 egg/week |
| Djousse et al., 2016 | 3,564 subjects | USA | T2D | ≥5 eggs/wk | <1 egg/mon | N/Null | Egg consumption was associated with T2D prevalence. Otherwise, prospective analysis did not show association of egg consumption and T2D incidence |
| Wallin et al., 2016 | 36,910 men aged 45–79 years | Sweden | T2D | ≥5 egg/d | <1 egg/wk | Null | No significant differences in T2D incidence according to the egg intakes in prospective study |
| Díez-Espino et al., 2017 | 7,216 subjects aged 55–80 years | Spain | T2D | >4 eggs/d | <2 eggs/wk | Null | No significant differences in T2D incidence according to the egg intakes |
| Djousse et al., 2010 | 3,898 subjects | USA | T2D | Almost daily eat egg | Never | Null | No significant intergroup differences in T2D incidence |
| Goldberg et al., 2014 | 1,429 subjects | USA | Carotid Atheros-clerosis | ≥2 eggs/d | Never or <1 egg/mon | Null | Low and moderate egg intake was inversely related to carotid atherosclerosis markers. No association showed in clinical vascular events. |
| Kurotani et al., 2014 | 27,248 men and 36,218 women aged 45–75 years | Japan | T2D | Highest egg intake | Lowest egg intake | Null | No significant intergroup differences in T2D incidence |
| Lajous et al., 2015 | 65,364 women | France | T2D | ≥5 eggs/wk | non-consumer | Null | No association was showed between egg consumption and T2D risk. |
| Qureshi et al., 2007 | 9,734 subjects aged 25–74 years | USA | Ischemic stroke, CAD | ≥6 eggs/wk | <1 egg/wk | Null | Consumption of ≥6 eggs /week didn’t’ increase the stroke and ischemic stroke risk |
| Zazpe et al., 2011 | 14,185 subjects | Spain | CVD | ≥4 eggs/wk | Never or <1 egg/wk | Null | The association of egg consumption and the incidence of CVD was not found in the Mediterranean cohort. |
| Virtanen et al., 2015 | 2,332 men aged 42–60 years | Finland | T2D | >45 g egg/d | <14 g egg/d | P | The incidences of T2D decreased (HR, 0.62; 95% CI, 0.47-.0.82) in ≥45 g egg/day group compared with the<14 g egg/day group |
| Woo et al., 2016 | 2,887 subjects aged 40 years and over | Korea | Metabolic syndrome | ≥3 eggs/wk | Never | P | The adjusted HRs of MetS was 0.46 (95% CI, 0.26–0.82) in men, 0.54 (95% CI, 0.31 –0.93) in women in with ≥3 eggs/week group compared with the never eaten group |
| Randomized Controlled Trial | |||||||
| Fuller et al., 2015a | 140 subjects | New Zealand | T2D | 2 eggs/d for 6 d/wk | <2 eggs/wk | Null | High egg consumption didn’t show any adverse effect on the lipid profile of T2D patients. |
| Blesso et al., 2013 | 12 men, 25 women | USA | Metabolic syndrome | 3 eggs/d during 12 wk | Equivalent amount of egg substitute during 12 wk | P | The risk of MetS was significantly decreased in both groups. And NFκ-a, amyloid significantly decreased in egg intake group only |
| Ballesteros et al., 2015 | 29 subjects aged 35-65 years | Mexico | T2D | 1 egg/d with 472 mL lactose-free milk during 5 wk | 40 g oatmeal with 472 mL lactose-free milk during 5 wk | P | AST(aspartate amino transferase) and TNF(Tumor necrosis factor)-alpha were significantly reduced during the egg consumption period |
| DiMarco et al., 2017 | 38 subjects(19 men, 19 women) aged 18-30 years | USA | Lipid profile | 1, 2, and 3 eggs/d for 4 wk each | - | P | Decreased DBP, LDL-C, LDL-C/HDL-C, increased HDL-C with egg intake. Plasma choline increased dose-dependently with egg intake |
| Ratliff et al., 2008 | 28 overweight men aged 40–70 years | USA | Inflamma-tory markers | 1 egg/d during 12 wk with CHO restriction diet | Placebo with CHO restriction diet | P | Plasma CRP decreased only in the egg treated group |
CVD, cardiovascular disease; T2D, type 2 diabetes; IGT, impaired glucose tolerance; CHD, coronary heart disease; HF, heart failure; CHO, carbohydrate; OR, odds ratio; HR, hazard ratio; CI, confidence interval; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; CRP, C-reactive protein; P, positive result; N, negative result; Null, null result.