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. 2018 Apr 30;38(2):209–223. doi: 10.5851/kosfa.2018.38.2.209

Table 2. Characteristics of participants according to frequency of egg consumption in Korean adults aged 19 years and over.

Frequency of egg intake ≤1/mon >1/mon – <1/wk 1/wk 2-3/wk 4-6/wk 1/d ≥2/d p-value
(n=3,790) (n=2,786) (n=4,710) (n=7,998) (n=2,869) (n=1,731) (n=109)
Mean±SE
Age (years) 60.92
±0.24		 55.23
±0.28		 50.16
±0.22		 46.39
±0.17		 43.14
±0.28		 43.57
±0.36		 40.11
±1.44		 <0.0001
Energy (kcal/d) 1,664.1
±12.6		 1,802.1
±14.6		 1,904.3
±11.3		 1,982.1
±8.6		 1,992.1
±14.4		 2,016.2
±18.6		 1,895.9
±74.0		 <0.0001
Vitamin C (mg/d) 88.09
±1.52		 99.73
±1.77		 105.83
±1.36		 111.27
±1.04		 116.57
±1.74		 114.84
±2.24		 117.94
±8.93		 <0.0001
Calcium intake (mg) 413.35
±5.16		 457.85
±5.73		 488.42
±4.86		 518.21
±4.26		 528.13
±5.94		 554.15
±8.25		 526.46
±27.28		 <0.0001
Body mass index (BMI, kg/m2) 23.91
±0.05		 23.78
±0.06		 23.68
±0.05		 23.59
±0.04		 23.45
±0.06		 23.15
±0.08		 23.78
±0.32		 <0.0001
Waist circumference (cm) 83.10
±0.16		 82.40
±0.19		 81.57
±0.14		 80.90
±0.11		 79.89
±0.19		 79.09
±0.24		 80.85
±1.00		 <0.0001**
SBP (mmHg) 125.47
±0.30		 122.63
±0.34		 119.22
±0.26		 117.29
±0.19		 115.00
±0.30		 114.69
±0.39		 114.77
±1.51		 <0.0001
DBP(mmHg) 76.96
±0.17		 77.01
±0.20		 76.58
±0.16		 76.29
±0.12		 75.46
±0.20		 74.93
±0.25		 75.46
±0.88		 <0.0001
Fasting blood glucose (mg/dL) 101.61
±0.42		 100.26
±0.49		 98.37
±0.35		 96.75
±0.25		 94.10
±0.33		 95.01
±0.50		 95.42
±2.33		 <0.0001**
TG (mg/dL) 143.74
±1.69		 139.32
±2.17		 131.38
±1.52		 130.63
±1.20		 117.97
±1.48		 121.34
±2.30		 122.89
±6.82		 <0.0001**
HDL-C (mg/dL) 49.46
±0.21		 50.20
±0.24		 50.86
±0.18		 51.65
±0.14		 52.86
±0.25		 52.92
±0.32		 52.42
±1.20		 <0.0001**
Percent (%)
Female 64.22 58.94 55.88 57.10 63.02 61.06 55.05 <0.001
Alcohol intake Non-drinker 23.03 17.73 14.61 11.12 10.63 9.88 11.93 <0.001
Less than once a month 36.23 34.13 31.89 31.26 34.19 33.39 32.11
Over once a month–less than heavy drinker 31.90 38.87 42.21 45.42 43.36 42.81 39.45
Heavy drinker1) 7.89 8.44 10.30 11.19 11.08 12.54 15.6
Smoking Non-smoker 62.80 60.88 58.13 58.41 63.02 59.16 59.63 <0.001
Past smoker 12.51 12.17 13.82 11.33 10.32 12.42 7.34
Current smoker,
<1 pack/d		 9.68 9.26 10.23 11.97 10.53 11.61 17.43
Current smoker,
≥1 pack/d		 6.83 8.04 8.39 8.85 7.63 8.78 10.09
Physical activity No exerciese 46.02 47.60 47.15 46.19 46.46 44.89 38.53 <0.001
Regular walk 30.05 30.44 27.64 29.31 29.38 28.54 28.44
Regular moderate- activity 9.63 8.44 9.41 7.43 7.39 7.16 11.93
Regular vigorous- activity 13.17 12.53 14.80 16.13 15.89 17.62 20.18
Education Elementary school 57.84 43.29 27.30 17.69 10.98 9.59 9.17 <0.001
Middle school 13.06 12.35 13.08 11.09 9.03 7.51 8.26
High school 17.07 21.57 27.45 32.38 32.69 33.97 39.45
College or higher degree 10.98 21.93 31.53 38.17 46.74 47.78 42.20
Income 1st (Lowest) 31.00 26.53 22.29 21.38 22.20 20.85 27.52 <0.001
2nd 24.70 27.42 24.16 24.37 23.77 23.51 26.61
3rd 22.40 24.41 25.50 26.21 24.89 25.82 20.18
4th (Highest) 19.50 19.38 26.41 26.44 27.74 28.02 22.02
Chronic disease status2) 26.09 21.11 15.37 11.84 7.98 9.24 11.01 <0.0001
Survey year 2007 11.74 11.02 10.04 9.20 9.59 12.54 14.68 <0.0001
2008 24.72 22.83 23.78 22.63 22.45 20.45 22.94
2009 26.36 22.94 26.48 25.42 24.50 28.42 22.02
2010 17.99 20.46 20.23 21.78 20.77 19.76 13.76
2011 19.18 22.76 19.47 20.97 22.69 18.83 26.61

All data represent means±standard error or number (%) of participants.

** p-values were calculated with log transformation.

1) Heavy drinkers were those who consumed alcohol twice or more per week and had at least seven drinks per occasion (for men) or five drinks per occasion (for women).

2) Those who were diagnosed with or taking medicine for diseases such as diabetes, stroke, myocardial infarction, angina pectoris, chronic renal failure, and cancers.

SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; TG, triglyceride; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol.