Table 3. The characteristics of participants according to metabolic syndrome status in Korean adults aged 19 years and over.
| Characteristics | Metabolic
syndrome (n=5,818) |
Non-metabolic
syndrome (n=18,175) |
p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean±SE | ||||
| Age (yr) | 59.34±0.17 | 46.79±0.12 | <0.0001 | |
| Body mass index (BMI, kg/m2) | 26.1±0.04 | 22.84±0.02 | <0.0001 | |
| Energy (kcal/d) | 1,836.33±10.16 | 1,919±5.81 | <0.0001 | |
| Vitamin C (mg/d) | 100.85±1.16 | 107.81±0.71 | <0.0001 | |
| Egg consumption (servings/wk) | 1.76±0.03 | 2.38±0.02 | <0.0001 | |
| Calcium intake (mg) | 473.59±5.02 | 498.69±2.47 | <0.0001 | |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 89.86±0.11 | 78.56±0.07 | <0.0001 | |
| SBP (mmHg) | 131.13±0.22 | 115.26±0.12 | <0.0001 | |
| DBP (mmHg) | 81.16±0.14 | 74.79±0.07 | <0.0001 | |
| Fasting blood glucose (mg/dL) | 112.38±0.41 | 93.13±0.13 | <0.0001 | |
| TG (mg/dL) | 201.46±1.73 | 109.29±0.60 | <0.0001 | |
| HDL-C (mg/dL) | 43.53±0.14 | 53.68±0.09 | <0.0001 | |
| Percent (%) | ||||
| Female | 56.89 | 59.92 | <0.0001 | |
| Alcohol intake | Non-drinker | 20.52 | 12.32 | <0.0001 |
| Less than once a month | 33.31 | 32.91 | ||
| Once a month–less than heavy drinker | 34.14 | 43.77 | ||
| Heavy drinker1) | 11.00 | 10.05 | ||
| Smoking | Non-smoker | 57.55 | 60.72 | <0.0001 |
| Past smoker | 13.61 | 11.54 | ||
| Current, <1 pack per day | 8.75 | 11.43 | ||
| Current, ≥pack per day | 9.11 | 7.91 | ||
| Physical activity | Do not exercise/walk sometimes | 48.40 | 45.78 | <0.0001 |
| Regularly walk | 28.91 | 29.27 | ||
| Regular moderate-level activity | 8.70 | 8.14 | ||
| Regular vigorous-level activity | 13.03 | 15.74 | ||
| Education | Elementary school | 46.41 | 21.40 | <0.0001 |
| Middle school | 13.92 | 10.62 | ||
| High school | 21.91 | 29.85 | ||
| College or higher degree | 16.90 | 37.39 | ||
| Income | 1st (Lowest) | 25.18 | 23.31 | 0.0014 |
| 2nd | 25.32 | 24.39 | ||
| 3rd | 23.98 | 25.39 | ||
| 4th (Highest) | 23.53 | 25.17 | ||
| Chronic disease status2) | 35.84 | 8.61 | ||
| Menopause | 46.05 | 22.27 | ||
| Survey year | 2007 | 11.40 | 9.94 | 0.0049 |
| 2008 | 21.97 | 23.37 | ||
| 2009 | 25.13 | 25.72 | ||
| 2010 | 20.25 | 20.48 | ||
| 2011 | 21.26 | 20.49 | ||
All data represent means±standard error or number (%) of participants.
1) Heavy drinkers were those who consumed alcohol twice or more per week and had at least seven drinks per occasion (for men) or five drinks per occasion (for women).
2) Those who were diagnosed with or taking medicine for diseases such as diabetes, stroke, myocardial infarction, angina pectoris, chronic renal failure, and cancers.
SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; TG, triglyceride; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol.