Table 3.
Clinical Outcome Measures.
| Clinical Outcomes Measures | Groups |
Statistical Result |
|||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tai Chi |
Usual Care |
Tai Chi |
Usual Care |
Tai Chi vs Usual Care |
|||||||
| Baseline (n = 16) |
3 Months (n = 14) |
6 Months (n = 12) |
Baseline (n = 16) |
3 Months (n = 13) |
6 Months (n = 13) |
Across visit |
Across visit |
Across groups |
|||
| Mean ± SDa | Slope (95% CI) baseline score, age, gender, UPDRSb | P valuec | Effect Sizec | ||||||||
| Gait-related outcomes | |||||||||||
| Stride time variability DTc (CV %) | 4.62 ± 3.44 | 4.02 ± 1.36 (n = 13)d | 3.69 ± 1.52 | 3.44 ± 1.49 | 4.69 ± 4.29 | 3.49 ± 2.10 | −0.62 (−1.93, 0.68) | −0.05 (−1.26, 1.15) | −0.57 (−2.14, 1.0) | .47 | 0.49 |
| Stride time variability DTs (CV %) | 3.48 ± 0.86 | 3.24 ± 0.89 | 3.53 ± 1.57 | 2.86 ± 1.09 | 2.59 ± 0.73 | 3.22 ± 1.69 | 0.22 (−0.88, 1.31) | 0.13 (−0.81, 1.06) | 0.09 (−1.38, 1.56) | .91 | 0.05 |
| Stride time variability ST (CV %) | 3.39 ± 0.89 | 3.07 ± 0.82 | 2.72 ± 0.78 | 2.87 ± 1.02 | 2.41 ± 0.52 | 2.59 ± 0.58 | −0.32 (−0.82, 0.18) | −0.49 (−0.93, 0.03) | 0.17 (−0.45, 0.79) | .58 | 0.17 |
| Absolute DTc cost variability | 1.23 ± 3.48 | 0.95 ± 1.38 | 0.97 ± 1.42 | 0.57 ± 1.30 | 2.29 ± 3.89 | 0.91 ± 1.75 | −0.28 (−1.54, 0.98) | 0.38 (−0.80, 1.56) | −0.66 (−2.07, 0.74) | .35 | 0.52 |
| % DTc cost variability | 40.84 ± 120.7 | 37.07 ± 53.94 | 38.66 ± 49.51 | 21.25 ± 35.3 | 78.35 ± 123.9 | 30.39 ± 53.3 | −3.51 (−46.8, 39.76) | 13.77 (−26.6, 54.18) | −17.3 (−63.6, 29.07) | .46 | 0.42 |
| Absolute DTs cost variability | 0.09 ± 0.87 | 0.16 ± 0.48 | 0.81 ± 1.37 | −0.01 ± 1.11 | 0.19 ± 0.41 | 0.63 ± 1.45 | 0.53 (−0.49, 1.55) | 0.61(−0.26, 1.48) | −0.08 (−1.40, 1.24) | .9 | 0.05 |
| % DTs cost variability | 4.67 ± 23.11 | 6.63 ± 18.75 | 31.06 ± 49.24 | 2.14 ± 26.84 | 7.80 ± 16.65 | 22.87 ± 50.24 | 19.82 (−15.7, 55.33) | 20.16 (−9.66, 49.98) | −0.34 (−47.1, 46.46) | .99 | 0.01 |
| Gait speed DTc (m/s) | 1.07 ± 0.21 | 1.09 ± 0.20 | 1.02 ± 0.19 | 1.19 ± 0.24 | 1.20 ± 0.25 | 1.13 ± 0.21 | −0.09 (−0.23, 0.05) | −0.03 (−0.15, 0.10) | −0.06 (−0.23, 0.11) | .47 | 0.21 |
| Gait speed DTs (m/s) | 1.13 ± 0.18 | 1.16 ± 0.22 | 1.07 ± 0.17 | 1.25 ± 0.18 | 1.28 ± 0.19 | 1.24 ± 0.24 | −0.07 (−0.17, 0.02) | −0.02 (−0.09, 0.06) | −0.06 (−0.18, 0.06) | .35 | 0.36 |
| Gait speed ST (m/s) | 1.26 ± 0.16 | 1.22 ± 0.19 | 1.20 ± 0.19 | 1.30 ± 0.18 | 1.33 ± 0.18 | 1.29 ± 0.18 | −0.05 (−0.15, 0.06) | −0.03 (−0.12, 0.07) | −0.02 (−0.16, 0.13) | .81 | 0.12 |
| Absolute DTc cost gait speed | −0.19 ± 0.17 | −0.16 ± 0.11 | −0.18 ± 0.13 | −0.11 ± 0.15 | −0.14 ± 0.15 | −0.15 ± 0.12 | −0.02 (−0.12, 0.07) | −0.01 (−0.10, 0.07) | −0.01 (−0.12, 0.09) | .8 | 0.05 |
| % DTc cost gait speed | −15.0 ± 13.44 | −12.7 ± 9.02 | −14.9 ± 10.10 | −8.73 ± 11.54 | −10.6 ± 12.45 | −12.1 ± 10.50 | −2.01 (−9.47, 5.44) | −1.03 (−7.83, 5.78) | −0.99 (−9.76, 7.78) | .82 | 0.06 |
| Absolute DTs cost gait speed | −0.13 ± 0.10 | −0.06 ± 0.07 | −0.13 ± 0.10 | −0.05 ± 0.12 | −0.05 ± 0.08 | −0.05 ± 0.12 | −0.05 (−0.10, 0.01) | 0.02 (−0.03, 0.07) | −0.07 (−0.14, 0.01) | .07 | 0.81 |
| % DTs cost gait speed | −10.3 ± 8.02 | −5.23 ± 6.15 | −10.5 ± 7.48 | −3.64 ± 9.25 | −3.81 ± 6.27 | −4.15 ± 9.53 | −3.91 (−7.91, 0.09) | 0.75 (−2.66, 4.17) | −4.67 (−9.87, 0.53) | .08 | 0.75 |
| Secondary outcomes | |||||||||||
| UPDRS motor score | 26.38 ± 9.644 | 27 ± 8.24 | 29.42 ± 8.76 | 20.63 ± 8.69 | 25.31 ± 9.89 | 26.21 ± 8.02 (n = 14)d | 4.53 (2.26, 6.79)e | 4.24 (2.34, 6.14)e | 0.28 (−2.75, 3.32) | .85 e | 0.08 |
| PDQ-39 (PDSI) | 17.38 ± 12.42 | 10.45 ± 6.89 | 12.47 ± 8.97 | 16.30 ± 11.21 | 11.52 ± 8.83 | 14.16 ± 11.59 (n = 15)d | −1.88 (−7.31, 3.55) | −2.75 (−7.69, 2.18) | 0.87 (−6.64, 8.39) | .82 | 0.10 |
| TMT A | 44.17 ± 1.76 | 36.43 ± 7.77 | 37.78 ± 11.14 | 37.73 ± 10.56 | 33.61 ± 5.69 | 31.94 ± 5.82 (n = 14)d | −4.08 (−8.83, 0.67) | −7.06 (−11.3, −2.85) | 2.99 (−2.66, 8.63) | .295 | 0.33 |
| TMT B | 84.80 ± 17.44 | 74.61 ± 14.56 | 80.22 ± 24.85 | 89.32 ± 61.60 | 96.00 ± 77.07 | 78.85 ± 87.25 (n = 14)d | 0.40 (−20.0, 20.81) | −15.4 (−33.4, 2.62) | 15.79 (−12.5, 44.10) | .27 | 0.40 |
| TMT B:A ratio | 2.03 ± 0.62 | 2.09 ± 0.38 | 2.18 ± 0.59 | 2.26 ± 0.93 | 2.70 ± 1.61 | 2.44 ± 2.42 (n = 14)d | 0.23 (−0.57, 1.03) | 0.03 (−0.70, 0.76) | 0.20 (−0.92, 1.32) | .72 | 0.12 |
| ABC scale | 80.00 ± 17 | 84.70 ± 15.4 | 85.60 ± 12.0 | 87.20 ± 11.6 | 86.70 ± 12.2 | 84.00 ± 14.2 (n = 15)d | 0.18 (−0.47, 0.83) | −0.13 (−0.69, 0.44) | 0.30 (−0.58, 1.19) | .49 | 0.29 |
| TUG (Average 3 trials) | 9.69 ± 2.71 | 9.20 ± 2.36 | 9.11 ± 2.53 | 9.72 ± 1.88 | 9.23 ± 1.28 | 9.72 ± 1.67 (n = 14)d | −0.35 (−1.09, 0.39) | 0.06 (−0.62, 0.74) | −0.41 (−1.44, 0.62) | .43 | 0.46 |
Abbreviations: ABC, Activity-Specific Balance Confidence; ANOVA, analysis of variance; CI, confidence interval; CV, coefficient of variation; DT, dual-task; PDQ-39, The 39-Item Parkinson’s Disease Questionnaire; PDSI, Parkinson’s Disease Summary Index; STV, stride-time variability; TMT, Trail Making Test; TUG, Timed Up and Go; UPDRS, Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale.
a
Values provided are unadjusted mean ± standard deviation (SD).
b
Values are estimated slope (lower 95% confidence interval, upper 95% confidence interval) for shared-baseline repeated-measure ANOVA models adjusted for age, gender, and UPDRS score.
c
Values are P values and effect sizes for comparing mean rates of change among Tai Chi versus usual care group for shared-baseline repeated-measure ANOVA models adjusted for age, gender, and UPDRS score.
d
Specified sample size.
e
Values are provided for shared-baseline repeated-measure ANOVA models adjusted for age and gender.