Table 2.

Pain scores over time.

	Baseline	6 weeks	p-value (baseline to 6 weeks)	3 months	p-value (baseline to 3 months)	6 months	p-value (baseline to 6 months)
Overall shoulder satisfaction, mean (SEM)*
Prolotherapy	1.9 (0.2)	2.2 (0.2)	0.59	2.5 (0.3)	0.013	2.8 (0.2)	0.013
Corticosteroid	1.8 (0.2)	1.8 (0.3)	1	2.1 (0.3)	0.236	2.4 (0.3)	0.24
p-value Prolotherapy versus Corticosteroid	0.89	0.3		0.3		0.3
Frequency of shoulder pain with activity, mean (SEM)**
Prolotherapy	3.2 (0.2)	2.9 (0.2)	0.096	2.5 (0.2)	0.004	2.5 (0.2)	0.006
Corticosteroid	3.0 (0.2)	2.9 (0.3)	0.655	2.8 (0.2)	0.493	2.3 (0.3)	0.054
p-value value Prolotherapy versus Corticosteroid	0.47	0.96		0.28		0.79
Frequency of shoulder pain during sleep, mean (SEM)**
Prolotherapy	3.0 (0.2)	2.5 (0.3)	0.033	2.0 (0.3)	0.004	2.2 (0.3)	0.013
Corticosteroid	2.7 (0.2)	2.6 (0.3)	0.558	2.6 (0.3)	0.453	2.0 (0.4)	0.016
p-value value Prolotherapy versus Corticosteroid	0.4	0.74		0.16		0.62
Level of shoulder pain with activities above the head, mean (SEM)***
Prolotherapy	2.3 (0.2)	2.1 (0.2)	0.317	1.9 (0.2)	0.035	1.7 (0.2)	0.002
Corticosteroid	2.6 (0.2)	2.4 (0.2)	0.166	2.2 (0.3)	0.059	1.7 (0.3)	0.004
p-value Prolotherapy versus Corticosteroid	0.28	0.5		0.42		0.99
Level of shoulder pain during sleep, mean (SEM)***
Prolotherapy	1.5 (0.3)	1.7 (0.3)	0.102	1.4 (0.3)	0.527	1.4 (0.2)	0.564
Corticosteroid	2.0 (0.2)	2.0 (0.3)	0.813	1.6 (0.2)	0.033	1.2 (0.3)	0.005
p-value Prolotherapy versus Corticosteroid	0.09	0.69		0.37		0.53

*Scored on a five-point Likert scale (very bad, bad, poor, fair, good) and converted to a numerical score from 0 to 4.

**Scored on a five-point Likert scale (never, monthly, weekly, daily, always) and converted to a numerical score from 0 to 4.

**Scored on a five-point Likert scale (none, mild, moderate, severe, very severe) and converted to a numerical score from 0 to 4.

p-values shown in bold are statistically significant (p < 0.05).