Proliferation of AHF. (A–J) Proliferation of AHF in controls, Tbx1 GOF and Tbx1 LOF embryos. Immunofluorescence images of sagittal sections to visualize the AHF lineage (GFP, green) and cell proliferation [anti-phospho Histone H3 (Ser10); red]; in control and Tbx1 GOF embryos are shown. DAPI fluorescent stain to visualize nuclei and identify the tissue is shown in blue. (D–F) Higher resolution images provide a snapshot of how the cells were counted for statistical analysis. Statistical analysis was performed to determine whether cell proliferation was the same or different between groups of embryos by two-tailed t-test, P value <0.05. Error bars = standard deviation (SD). Abbreviations: AHF (anterior heart field), right ventricle (RV). Control for Tbx1 GOF: Mef2c-AHF-Cre/+; Rosa26GFP/+, Tbx1 GOF: Mef2c-AHF-Cre/+; Tbx1-GFPf/+, control for Tbx1 LOF: Mef2c-AHF-Cre/+; Tbx1f/+; Rosa26GFP/+, Tbx1 LOF: Mef2c-AHF-Cre/+; Tbx1 f/f; Rosa26GFP/+. Asterisks indicate P value <0.05.