Table 3.
Factors Associated With Mortality Through 24 Months of Age in Human Immunodeficiency Virus–Exposed Uninfected Children (n = 19219)
| Factor | Total Number of Children (n = 19219) | Total Number of Deaths (n = 884) | Mortality Rate per 100 Child-Years of Follow-up | Univariate Model | Multivariable Model | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hazard Ratio | 95% CI | P Value | Adjusted Hazard Ratio | 95% CI | P Value | ||||||
| Region | <.0001 | <.0001 | |||||||||
| Africa | 14786 | 862 | 4.6 | Ref. | Ref. | ||||||
| Asia | 4433 | 22 | 0.4 | 0.08 | 0.04 | 0.17 | 0.05 | 0.02 | 0.11 | ||
| Residence | 0.22 | ||||||||||
| Rural | 1868 | 101 | 3.5 | Ref. | |||||||
| Urban/Peri-urban | 17351 | 783 | 3.7 | 0.84 | 0.64 | 1.11 | |||||
| Sex a | 0.28 | ||||||||||
| Male | 9839 | 467 | 3.8 | Ref. | |||||||
| Female | 9376 | 417 | 3.6 | 0.93 | 0.82 | 1.06 | |||||
| Birth weight | <.0001 | <.0001 | |||||||||
| ≥2500 g | 16553 | 613 | 2.9 | Ref. | Ref. | ||||||
| <2500 g | 2321 | 246 | 9.1 | 3.09 | 2.66 | 3.58 | 2.92 | 2.51 | 3.39 | ||
| Unknown | 245 | 25 | 8.1 | 2.21 | 1.47 | 3.33 | 2.40 | 1.60 | 3.61 | ||
| Breastfeeding | <.0001 | <.0001 | |||||||||
| Ever breastfed | 13418 | 700 | 4.2 | Ref. | Ref. | ||||||
| Never breastfed | 5801 | 184 | 2.5 | 2.76 | 2.14 | 3.57 | 2.48 | 1.95 | 3.16 | ||
| Maternal age at delivery (years) | 0.42 | ||||||||||
| 15–20 | 2074 | 103 | 4.4 | Ref. | |||||||
| 21–25 | 6159 | 276 | 3.9 | 0.91 | 0.73 | 1.15 | |||||
| 26–30 | 5175 | 231 | 3.8 | 0.91 | 0.72 | 1.16 | |||||
| 31–35 | 2545 | 99 | 3.2 | 0.80 | 0.61 | 1.06 | |||||
| >35 | 1011 | 35 | 2.8 | 0.73 | 0.50 | 1.08 | |||||
| Unknown | 2255 | 140 | 3.5 | 1.25 | 0.43 | 3.68 | |||||
| Maternal education | 0.03 | ||||||||||
| None/Primary | 8676 | 389 | 3.7 | Ref. | |||||||
| Secondary or above | 9688 | 477 | 3.7 | 0.88 | 0.76 | 1.03 | |||||
| Unknown | 855 | 18 | 3.3 | 0.23 | 0.05 | 1.05 | |||||
| Maternal CD4 count (cells/ mm 3) | <.0001 | <.0001 | |||||||||
| ≥350 | 11129 | 417 | 3.0 | Ref. | Ref. | ||||||
| <350 | 7010 | 403 | 4.6 | 1.58 | 1.38 | 1.82 | 1.43 | 1.24 | 1.66 | ||
| Unknown | 1080 | 64 | 5.6 | 1.55 | 1.16 | 2.07 | 1.49 | 1.12 | 1,99 | ||
| Maternal antiretroviral category | 0.28 | 0.13 | |||||||||
| No ARVs | 4392 | 305 | 6.0 | Ref. | Ref. | ||||||
| Single or double ARV for PMTCT | 11805 | 469 | 3.1 | 0.67 | 0.42 | 1.07 | 0.78 | 0.50 | 1.22 | ||
| 3-drug ART for PMTCT | 2248 | 73 | 2.7 | 0.61 | 0.34 | 1.07 | 0.66 | 0.39 | 1.13 | ||
| ART for life | 774 | 37 | 3.4 | 0.72 | 0.38 | 1.37 | 0.51 | 0.28 | 0.94 | ||
| Maternal vital status (time-dependent) | <.0001 | <.0001 | |||||||||
| Alive | b | 833 | 3.5 | Ref. | Ref. | ||||||
| Dead | 51 | 35.7 | 15.9 | 11.9 | 21.2 | 11.08 | 8.25 | 14.89 | |||
Variable trial/study was included in all models as random effects.
Abbreviations: ART, antiretroviral therapy; ARV, antiretroviral; CI, confidence interval; HR, hazard ratio; PMTCT, prevent mother-to-child transmission.
aExcluding n = 4 with no information on sex.
bNot applicable for time-dependent variables.