Table 1.
Participant characteristics at baseline examination
| Variables |
Cross-sectional cohort (n = 2,895) | Longitudinal cohort (n = 1,703) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Values |
Participants (n) |
Values |
Participants (n) |
|
| Age (years) | 31.7 (23.7, 46.3) | 2,895 | 26.3 (20.1, 37.4) | 1,703 |
| Male sex | 1,331 (46) | 2,895 | 648 (38) | 1,703 |
| American Indian | 2,895 (100) | 2,895 | 1,703 (100) | 1,703 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 31.1 ± 6.8 | 2,895 | 30.7 ± 6.3 | 1,703 |
| Smoking | 946 (34) | 2,794 | 557 (38) | 1,471 |
| Blood pressure (mmHg) | ||||
| Systolic | 127 ± 21 | 2,889 | 126 ± 18 | 1,701 |
| Diastolic | 77 ± 13 | 2,888 | 75 ± 12 | 1,700 |
| Hypertension | 932 (32) | 2,895 | 404 (24) | 1,703 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 174 ± 37 | 2,881 | 173 ± 38 | 1,687 |
| Serum creatinine (mg/dL) | 0.76 ± 0.44 | 2,880 | 0.69 ± 0.18 | 1,687 |
| FPG (mg/dL) | 97 (89, 115) | 1,509 | 92 (86, 102) | 436 |
| 1h-PG (mg/dL) | 152 (114, 220) | 2,895 | 127 (102, 169) | 1,703 |
| 2h-PG (mg/dL) | 123 (99, 185) | 2,895 | 112 (94, 139) | 1,703 |
| Type 2 diabetes | 663 (23) | 2,895 | 204 (12) | 1,703 |
| Diagnosis of diabetes at baseline examination | 227 (8) | 2,895 | 108 (6)¥ | 1,703 |
| Any retinopathy | 87 (3) | 2,895 | 498 (29) | 1,703 |
| Follow-up (years) | — | — | 22.7 (16.3, 28.8) | 1,703 |
| Severe retinopathy | 15 (0.5) | 2,895 | 148 (9) | 1,703 |
| Follow-up (years) | — | — | 24.6 (17.6, 29.9) | 1,703 |
Data are mean ± SD, median (interquartile range [25th, 75th percentiles]), or n (%) unless otherwise indicated.
¥Retinopathy at a follow-up (or censored) exam.