Table 2.
Absolute and relative measures of center variation in HbA1c by country after adjustment for patient characteristics
| Sweden | Germany | Austria | Denmark | Norway | England | U.S. | Wales | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HbA1c difference between centers in the highest and lowest decile, mmol/mol (%)* | 6.0 (0.6) | 14.5 (1.3) | 15.7 (1.4) | 9.8 (0.9) | 6.6 (0.6) | 11.0 (1.1) | 12.8 (1.2) | 12.3 (1.1) |
| Proportion of total variance in HbA1c attributable to differences between centers (ICC)† | 4.0% | 16.8% | 13.9% | 4.0% | 1.8% | 5.5% | 7.9% | 4.7% |
All analyses conducted separately in each country and were adjusted for patient characteristics with regard to individual sex, age, duration of diabetes, and minority status.
*Fixed-effects models.
†Models with a random effect for center.