Table 1.
Characteristics of subjects with and without MS at baseline
| Characteristics | No MS (n = 606) | MS (n = 171) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Host-related characteristics | |||
| Age, median (range), years | 40 (18–78) | 54 (23–80) | <0.0001 |
| Female sex | 49.5 | 39.2 | 0.02 |
| Race | 0.054 | ||
| White | 10.4 | 11.7 | |
| Black | 11.7 | 19.3 | |
| Asian | 74.3 | 66.7 | |
| Other | 3.6 | 2.3 | |
| Continent of birth | 0.005 | ||
| Africa | 9.7 | 9.9 | |
| Asia | 69.3 | 63.7 | |
| Europe | 4.6 | 1.2 | |
| North America | 15.5 | 23.4 | |
| South America | 0.8 | 0.6 | |
| Australia | 0.0 | 1.2 | |
| Birth and immigration status | <0.0001 | ||
| Born in the U.S. or Canada | 14.5 | 21.1 | |
| Foreign-born and immigrated >20 years ago | 28.2 | 39.2 | |
| Foreign-born and immigrated ≤20 years ago | 53.1 | 32.7 | |
| Foreign-born but immigration date unknown | 4.1 | 7.0 | |
| Race-adjusted BMI category | <0.0001 | ||
| Normal (n = 341) | 49.9 | 9.6 | |
| Overweight (n = 345) | 38.7 | 42.2 | |
| Obese (n = 170) | 11.3 | 48.2 | |
| Alcohol use in past 12 months* | 0.7 | ||
| None | 72.6 | 75.9 | |
| Moderate | 20.5 | 18.2 | |
| At risk | 6.9 | 5.9 | |
| Known family history of diabetes | 32.2 | 49.1 | <0.0001 |
| Laboratory and HBV-related characteristics | |||
| Platelets, median (IQR), × 103/mm3 | 219 (182–255) (n = 565) | 228 (183–271) (n = 156) | 0.20 |
| Total bilirubin, median (IQR), mg/dL | 0.64 (0.50–0.90) (n = 597) | 0.60 (0.41–0.80) (n = 597) | 0.006 |
| Albumin, median (IQR), g/dL | 4.3 (4.1–4.6) (n = 585) | 4.3 (4.1–4.6) (n = 169) | 0.74 |
| Fasting glucose, median (IQR), mg/dL | 84.0 (79.0–90.1) (n = 588) | 99.0 (87.0–111.7) (n = 127) | <0.0001 |
| ALT, median (IQR), units/L | 33 (23–53) | 36 (26–50) | 0.25 |
| ALT | 0.9 | ||
| Normal | 30.3 | 28.8 | |
| >1 to <2 × ULN | 41.8 | 42.9 | |
| ≥2 × ULN | 27.8 | 28.2 | |
| AST, median (IQR), units/L | 28 (22–39) | 27.5 (23–37) | 0.74 |
| AST | 0.11 | ||
| Normal | 73.5 | 79.4 | |
| Abnormal | 26.5 | 20.6 | |
| Log10 HBV DNA, median (IQR), IU/mL | 3.96 (2.8–6.2) | 3.23 (2.3–4.6) | <0.0001 |
| HBeAg status | 0.0002 | ||
| Negative | 69.5 | 85.8 | |
| Positive | 30.3 | 14.2 | |
| Equivocal | 0.2 | 0.0 | |
| HBV genotype | 0.06 | ||
| A | 14.2 | 18.7 | |
| B | 36.1 | 30.4 | |
| C | 33.3 | 25.1 | |
| D | 7.6 | 4.7 | |
| Other/multiple | 2.8 | 5.3 | |
| Unknown | 5.9 | 15.8 | |
| HBV phenotype | 0.001 | ||
| Immune tolerant | 5.1 | 1.2 | |
| HBeAg-positive chronic hepatitis B | 19.8 | 11.1 | |
| HBeAg-negative chronic hepatitis B | 17.8 | 15.2 | |
| Inactive carrier | 19.0 | 24.0 | |
| Indeterminant | 29.5 | 41.5 | |
| APRI score | 0.3 | ||
| <1 | 90.4 | 92.9 | |
| 1–2 | 6.2 | 3.2 | |
| >2 | 3.4 | 3.8 | |
| Liver histology, n† | 50 | 23 | |
| Ishak inflammation, total score | |||
| 1–4 | 34.0 | 30.4 | 0.4 |
| 5–8 | 42.0 | 60.9 | |
| 9–12 | 16.0 | 8.7 | |
| 13–18 | 8.0 | 0.0 | |
| Steatosis grade | |||
| None | 24.0 | 13.0 | 0.004 |
| <5 | 60.0 | 34.8 | |
| 5–33% | 10.0 | 17.4 | |
| >33–67% | 4.0 | 34.8 | |
| >67% | 2.0 | 0.0 | |
| Steatohepatitis | |||
| Absent | 92.0 | 56.5 | 0.0003 |
| Possible | 6.0 | 13.0 | |
| Definite | 2.0 | 30.4 | |
| Ishak fibrosis stage | |||
| 0–2 | 76.0 | 73.9 | 1.0 |
| >2 | 24.0 | 26.1 | |
| Perisinusoidal fibrosis | |||
| 0 | 74.0 | 52.2 | 0.003 |
| 1 | 24.0 | 17.4 | |
| 2 | 2.0 | 30.4 |
Data are percentages unless otherwise indicated. IQR, interquartile range.
*Alcohol consumption was graded as none/minimal (<1 drink/month), moderate (more than none/minimal but ≤4 drinks/day or 14 drinks/week in men, ≤3 drinks/day or 7 drinks/week in women), or at risk (more than moderate or binge drinking, latter defined as ≥5 drinks on at least 1 day in the previous month).
†Liver biopsy specimens were available for 73 subjects (50 without MS and 23 with MS) for histologic evaluation.