Table 1. . Summary of urine-based biosensors for analyte detection.

Class	Biomarker	Detection method	Detection limit	Response time	Ref.
Metabolite (noninfectious)	Glucose	Colorimetric	3e-7 mol l-1	20 min	[11]
	Glucose Lactate Uric acid	Electrochemical	0.35 mM 1.76 mM 0.52 mM	2 min	[3]
	HSA	Chemiluminescence	2.5 mg l-1	32 min	[12]
	hGH	Bimodal waveguide interferometry	10 pg ml-1	8 min	[13]
	Creatinine	Electrochemical	6.8 μg/dl	20 min	[14]
Pathogens (infectious)	Schistosoma haematobium	Electrochemical	0.53 ng/μl	60 min	[15]
	LAM	Optical	19 ng/ml	60 min	[16]
	Escherichia coli, Neisseria gonorrhoeae	Optical	10 CFU/ml	30 s	[17]
Protein (noninfectious)	NMP22	Electrochemical	3.3 pg/ml	N/A	[18]
	hCG	Electrochemical	2.4 pg/ml	30 min	[19]
	TGF-β1	Electrochemical	10 pg/ml	20 min	[20]
	Lactoferrin	Electrochemical	145 pg/ml	30 min	[21]
	IL-6, CRP	Electrochemical	1 pg/ml	5 min	This work

CFU: Colony-forming units; CRP: C-reactive protein; hGH: Human growth hormone; HSA: Human serum albumin; LAM: Lymphangioleiomyomatosis.