Table 1.
Baseline characteristics according to the degree of secondhand smoke exposure.
| Variables | Women | P values | Men | P values | ||||
| Secondhand smoke exposure | Secondhand smoke exposure | |||||||
| None | <2 hour/day | ≥2 hour/day | None | <2 hour/day | ≥2 hour/day | |||
| % of total | 68.1 | 24.2 | 7.7 | 53.3 | 39.4 | 7.2 | ||
| Age (years) | 49.6±0.3 | 42.9±0.4 | 45.2±0.6 | <0.001* | 41.7±0.7 | 37.4±0.6 | 40.2±1.4 | <0.001* |
| Weight (kg) | 57.5±0.2 | 57.5±0.3 | 59.2±0.5 | <0.001* | 70.1±0.5 | 71.4±0.6 | 72.7±1.4 | 0.032* |
| Height (cm) | 156.6±0.1 | 157.9±0.2 | 157.8±0.3 | <0.001* | 171.4±0.3 | 172.2±0.3 | 170.6±0.8 | 0.783 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 78.7±0.2 | 76.9±0.3 | 78.9±0.5 | 0.009* | 82.9±0.4 | 83.0±0.5 | 84.8±1.1 | 0.231 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 23.5±0.1 | 23.1±0.1 | 23.8±0.2 | 0.536 | 23.8±0.1 | 24.1±0.2 | 24.9±0.4 | 0.021* |
| Blood pressure (mm Hg) | ||||||||
| Systole | 117.5±0.3 | 113.5±0.5 | 117.7±0.9 | <0.001* | 119.3±0.6 | 118.9±0.6 | 120.8±1.7 | 0.740 |
| Diastole | 74.0±0.2 | 73.6±0.3 | 75.7±0.5 | 0.082 | 77.9±0.4 | 79.9±0.5 | 79.9±1.1 | 0.005* |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 190.4±0.7 | 186.5±1.0 | 192.9±1.8 | 0.453 | 183.±1.6 | 182.7±1.8 | 186.5±3.8 | 0.666 |
| High density lipoprotein (mg/dL) | 55.2±0.3 | 55.6±0.6 | 57.7±1.1 | 0.068 | 51.0±0.9 | 50.3±1.2 | 50.4±2.5 | 0.583 |
| Triglyceride (mg/dL) | 115.0±1.8 | 104.7±1.9 | 112.2±4.4 | 0.016* | 121.8±3.5 | 129.6±4.7 | 121.4±7.2 | 0.339 |
| Fasting glucose (mg/dL) | 95.9±0.4 | 93.6±0.5 | 95.1±0.9 | 0.008* | 96.6±0.9 | 95.7±0.8 | 96.6±1.8 | 0.658 |
| Hypertension | 29.3 | 19.3 | 25.9 | <0.001* | 25.2 | 22.0 | 30.6 | 0.197 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 14.8 | 9.8 | 10.0 | <0.001* | 10.0 | 9.2 | 13.1 | 0.527 |
| Metabolic syndrome | 25.6 | 17.0 | 18.8 | <0.001* | 23.2 | 20.2 | 12.9 | 0.325 |
| Alcohol intake | ||||||||
| Never drinker | 21.7 | 11.2 | 18.5 | <0.001 * | 11.3 | 7.3 | 7.4 | <0.001* |
| Former drinker | 18.0 | 13.9 | 16.5 | 13.5 | 6.1 | 5.9 | ||
| Light drinker (≤1/week) | 53.9 | 66.8 | 57.3 | 56.7 | 66.5 | 53.8 | ||
| Moderate drinker (2–3/week) | 5.1 | 7.1 | 6.2 | 13.9 | 16.5 | 22.4 | ||
| Heavy drinker (≥4/week) | 1.3 | 1.0 | 1.5 | 4.7 | 3.6 | 10.5 | ||
| Marital status | 88.8 | 76.9 | 84.1 | <0.001* | 58.0 | 59.0 | 59.0 | 0.955 |
| Educational level | ||||||||
| Below middle school | 30.4 | 18.2 | 26.8 | <0.001* | 9.9 | 2.9 | 7.7 | <0.001* |
| Middle school | 9.8 | 9.9 | 10.2 | 6.2 | 6.4 | 9.0 | ||
| High school | 29.8 | 39.9 | 33.1 | 43.0 | 40.3 | 47.6 | ||
| Above high school | 30.1 | 31.9 | 30.0 | 40.9 | 50.5 | 35.8 | ||
| Socioeconomic status | ||||||||
| 1Q | 25.3 | 25.3 | 27.3 | 0.144 | 30.2 | 21.8 | 30.5 | 0.116 |
| 2Q | 26.8 | 25.7 | 21.2 | 21.2 | 24.4 | 20.0 | ||
| 3Q | 25.3 | 25.9 | 23.7 | 25.6 | 25.5 | 26.8 | ||
| 4Q | 22.6 | 23.1 | 27.9 | 23.0 | 28.3 | 22.7 | ||
| Occupation | ||||||||
| Manager or professional | 11.0 | 15.6 | 11.8 | <0.001* | 21.8 | 28.6 | 12.5 | <0.001* |
| Office worker | 5.0 | 14.3 | 13.3 | 7.6 | 15.5 | 15.6 | ||
| Service | 9.0 | 22.3 | 42.4 | 7.1 | 15.0 | 13.8 | ||
| Farmer worker or fisherman | 6.0 | 5.6 | 5.0 | 7.6 | 6.2 | 1.3 | ||
| Technician | 2.3 | 4.8 | 4.2 | 9.1 | 21.5 | 39.5 | ||
| Labour worker | 8.0 | 12.8 | 11.6 | 5.3 | 5.8 | 9.2 | ||
| Unemployed (outside house) | 58.8 | 24.7 | 17.4 | 41.6 | 7.6 | 8.2 | ||
The data were presented as mean±SE in continuous variables and % in categorical variables.
**P<0.05.