Table 2.
Characteristics of patients who had out-of-hospital cardiac arrest receiving ECPR
| Overall | Neurologically favourable outcomes | Survival outcome | |||||
| (n=144) | CPC 1–2 (n=10) |
CPC 3–5 (n=134) |
P values | Survived (n=28) |
Not survived (n=116) |
P values | |
| Baseline characteristics | |||||||
| Age, year, median (IQR) | 63 (55–71) | 62 (48–68) | 64 (55 to 72) | 0.30 | 61 (55–67) | 64 (55–72) | 0.23 |
| Women, n (%) | 22 (15) | 1 (10) | 21 (16) | 0.63 | 3 (11) | 19 (16) | 0.56 |
| Prehospital characteristics, n (%) | |||||||
| Witnessed cases* | 25 (18) | 2 (20) | 24 (18) | 0.87 | 8 (29) | 17 (16) | 0.11 |
| CPR by bystanders† | 54 (38) | 3 (30) | 51 (38) | 0.61 | 7 (25) | 47 (41) | 0.13 |
| Shockable rhythm‡ | 88 (61) | 7 (70) | 81 (60) | 0.55 | 22 (79) | 66 (57) | 0.04 |
| Physician-staffed ambulance | 117 (81) | 6 (60) | 11 (83) | 0.07 | 21 (75) | 96 (83) | 0.35 |
| Rearrest after ROSC during transportation§ | 14 (10) | 3 (30) | 11 (8) | 0.03 | 8 (29) | 6 (5) | <0.001 |
| Resuscitation time courses, median (IQR) | |||||||
| Call to hospital, min | 41 (33–50) | 34 (32–42) | 42 (33–50) | 0.12 | 41 (32 to 47) | 41 (34–51) | 0.41 |
| Call to ECPR, min | 57 (49–70) | 60 (50–90) | 57 (49–67) | 0.39 | 60 (51–78) | 56 (48–68) | 0.40 |
| Call to ROSC¶ or ECPR, min | 54 (46–65) | 53 (27–64) | 54 (46–65) | 0.57 | 52 (32–66) | 54 (46–65) | 0.57 |
| Blood test on admission | |||||||
| pH, mean (IQR) | 6.95 (6.80–7.10) | 6.82 (7.08–7.23) | 6.95 (6.80–7.09) | 0.23 | 6.99 (6.86–7.19) | 6.94 (6.78–7.08) | 0.12 |
| Serum lactate, mmol/L, mean (IQR) | 12.5 (9.8–14.7) | 13.3 (9.6–14.6) | 12.4 (9.8–14.7) | 0.93 | 11.1 (9.2–14.8) | 12.5 (10.5–14.7) | 0.41 |
| Interventions, n (%) | |||||||
| Therapeutic hypothermia (completed) | 63 (44) | 5 (50) | 58 (43) | 0.68 | 19 (68) | 44 (38) | <0.004 |
| Intra-aortic balloon pumping | 111 (77) | 8 (80) | 103 (77) | 0.82 | 24 (86) | 87 (75) | 0.23 |
| Causes of cardiac arrest, n (%) | 0.68 | 0.59 | |||||
| Acute myocardial infarction | 100 (69) | 7 (70) | 93 (70) | 19 (68) | 81 (70) | ||
| Structural heart disease | 11 (8) | 0 (0) | 11 (8) | 2 (7) | 9 (8) | ||
| Aortic dissection | 6 (4) | 0 (0) | 6 (4) | 0 (0) | 6 (5) | ||
| Arrhythmia | 6 (4) | 2 (20) | 4 (3) | 3 (11) | 3 (3) | ||
| Asphyxia | 3 (2) | 0 (0) | 3 (2) | 0 (0) | 3 (3) | ||
| Other** | 7 (5) | 0 (0) | 7 (5) | 1 (4) | 6 (5) | ||
| Unknown | 12 (8) | 1 (10) | 11 (8) | 3 (11) | 9 (8) | ||
| Admission year | 0.32 | 0.20 | |||||
| 2005 | 4 (3) | 1 (10) | 3 (2) | 2 (7) | 2 (2) | ||
| 2006 | 18 (13) | 1 (10) | 17 (13) | 5 (18) | 13 (11) | ||
| 2007 | 15 (10) | 0 (0) | 15 (11) | 2 (7) | 13 (11) | ||
| 2008 | 19 (13) | 2 (20) | 17 (13) | 3 (11) | 16 (14) | ||
| 2009 | 7 (5) | 0 (0) | 7 (5) | 2 (7) | 5 (4) | ||
| 2010 | 19 (13) | 1 (10) | 18 (13) | 3 (11) | 16 (14) | ||
| 2011 | 26 (18) | 1 (10) | 25 (19) | 3 (11) | 23 (20) | ||
| 2012 | 22 (15) | 1 (10) | 21 (16) | 2 (7) | 20 (17) | ||
| 2013 | 14 (10) | 3 (30) | 11 (8) | 6 (21) | 8 (7) | ||
*Including witnessed by emergency medical service (EMS).
†Including patients witnessed by EMS and those who had CPR by the EMS.
‡Ventricular fibrillation and pulseless ventricular tachycardia.
§Defined as recardiac arrest after spontaneous circulation sustained for ≥20 min during transportation.
¶Defined as spontaneous circulation sustained for ≥20 min.
**Accidental hypothermia, asthma, pulmonary hypertension, septic shock and subarachnoid haemorrhage.
CPC, Cerebral Performance Categories; CPR, cardiopulmonary resuscitation; ECPR, extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation; ROSC, return of spontaneous circulation.