Table 4.
Differences in selected variables by sleep quality (N=252)
| Category | Total | Good sleep quality (n=70) |
Poor sleep quality (n=182) |
||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|
|||||
| N (%)/Mean (SD) | N (%)/Mean (SD) | N (%)/Mean (SD) | χ2 or t | p | |
| Age | 53.88 (14.17) | 54.44 (15.49) | 53.66 (13.67) | 0.39 | .69 |
|
| |||||
| Gender | |||||
| Man | 56 (22.2) | 13 (18.6) | 43 (23.6) | 0.75 | .49 |
| Woman | 196 (77.8) | 57 (81.4) | 139 (76.4) | ||
|
| |||||
| Education level | |||||
| ≤Hight school graduate | 126 (50.00) | 30 (42.9) | 96 (52.7) | 1.98 | .21 |
| ≥College graduate | 126 (50.00) | 40 (57.1) | 86 (47.3) | ||
|
| |||||
| Current work | |||||
| Working Full Time | 123 (48.81) | 35 (50.0) | 88 (48.4) | 1.05 | .59 |
| Working Part Time | 30 (11.90) | 6 (8.6) | 24 (13.2) | ||
| Unemployed | 99 (39.29) | 29 (41.4) | 70 (38.5) | ||
|
| |||||
| Annual household income | |||||
| 0-$39,999 | 87 (34.5) | 21 (30.0) | 66 (36.3) | 0.93 | .82 |
| $40,000-$79,999 | 70 (27.8) | 21 (30.0) | 49 (26.9) | ||
| More than $80,000 | 66 (26.2) | 19 (27.1) | 47 (25.8) | ||
| Refused to answer | 29 (11.5) | 9 (12.9) | 20 (11.0) | ||
|
| |||||
| Number of comorbidities | |||||
| 0 | 100 (39.7) | 28 (40.0) | 72 (39.6) | 0.79 | .68 |
| 1–2 | 140 (55.6) | 40 (57.1) | 100 (54.9) | ||
| 3–4 | 12 (4.8) | 2 (2.9) | 10 (5.5) | ||
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 31.93 (6.48) | 32.30 (6.95) | 31.78 (6.30) | 0.56 | .57 |
|
| |||||
| Waist-hip ratio | 0.88 (0.09) | 0.88 (0.09) | 0.88 (0.09) | −0.17 | .87 |
|
| |||||
| Body fat (%) | 40.79 (10.24) | 41.85 (10.07) | 40.37 (10.30) | 1.03 | .31 |
|
| |||||
| Neighborhood environment | |||||
| Aesthetic quality | 2.22 (0.83) | 2.14 (0.87) | 2.26 (0.81) | −0.97 | .33 |
| Walking environment | 2.35 (0.71) | 2.22 (0.62) | 2.40 (0.73) | −1.80 | .07 |
| Availability of healthy foods | 2.77 (1.07) | 2.65 (1.09) | 2.82 (1.06) | −1.12 | .26 |
| Safety | 2.59 (1.04) | 2.38 (1.04) | 2.67 (1.03) | −1.97 | .05 |
| Social cohesion | 2.47 (0.81) | 2.30 (0.73) | 2.53 (0.83) | −2.05 | .04* |
| Violence | 1.43 (0.61) | 1.34 (0.51) | 1.47 (0.64) | −1.66 | .09 |
| Total score | 2.28 (0.62) | 2.15 (0.59) | 2.33 (0.63) | −2.05 | .04* |
|
| |||||
| Sleep hygiene | 23.10 (10.47) | 17.07 (8.62) | 25.41 (10.21) | −6.05 | .00** |
|
| |||||
| DBAS | |||||
| Consequences of insomnia | 4.18 (2.44) | 3.09 (2.25) | 4.60 (2.38) | −4.60 | .00** |
| Worry about sleep | 3.51 (2.16) | 2.18 (1.62) | 4.02 (2.13) | −7.38 | .00** |
| Sleep expectations | 5.98 (2.73) | 5.74 (3.02) | 6.07 (2.62) | −0.85 | .39 |
| Medication | 2.57 (2.00) | 1.80 (1.55) | 2.86 (2.08) | −4.40 | .00** |
| Total score | 3.85 (1.80) | 2.84 (1.46) | 4.24 (1.78) | −5.89 | .00** |
Note. Poor sleep quality means Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) global score of ≥ 5; Comorbidities include hypertension, stroke, myocardial infarction, chronic lung diseases, diabetes, and depression. Dysfunctional Beliefs and Attitudes Sleep (DBAS);
**
Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed);
*
Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed).