Table 2.
Effect sizes (ES) for individual treatment targets.
| Primary study | Meta-analysis participant no. | Treatment target | Treated items |
Untreated items |
||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Treatment phase ES | Follow-up phase ES | Treatment phase ES | Follow-up phase ES | |||
| Wambaugh, Kalinyak-Fliszar, et al. (1998) | 1 | /z/-initial one- and two-syllable words | 5.82 a | 8.57 a | 13.57 | 11.26 |
| 1 | /ʃ/-final one- and two-syllable words | 4.90 a | 1.22 a | 11.94 | 1.50 | |
| 1 | /ʤ/-initial one- and two-syllable words | 7.24 | 9.80 | 4.44 | 6.01 | |
| 2 | /ʃ/-final one- and two-syllable words | 5.61 | 6.49 | 4.67 | 5.66 | |
| 2 | /r/-initial one- and two-syllable words | 9.67 | 7.00 | 9.10 | 19.68 | |
| 2 | /sw/-initial one- and two-syllable words | 5.71 | 4.75 | 7.54 | 8.61 | |
| 3 | /ʧ/-initial one- and two-syllable words | 5.96 | 3.91 | 3.47 | 1.21 | |
| 3 | /ʃ/-final one- and two-syllable words | 2.17 | 0.94 | 4.46 | 0.16 | |
| 3 | /z/-initial one- and two-syllable words | 3.37 | 26.08 | 4.01 | 20.79 | |
| Wambaugh, West, et al. (1998) | 4 | Stops, all positions, three- to five-word sentences | 6.94 | 6.83 | 9.01 | 8.21 |
| 4 | Fricatives, all positions, three- to five-word sentences | 6.81 | 6.60 | 5.86 | 8.60 | |
| 4 | Glides/liquids, all positions, three- to five-word sentences | 4.44 | 2.40 | 3.34 | 2.47 | |
| Wambaugh & Cort (1998) | 5 | /b/-initial one-syllable words | 12.50 | — | 11.26 | — |
| 5 | /ʤ/-initial one-syllable words | 6.33 | — | 5.49 | — | |
| 5 | /d/-initial one-syllable words | 2.12 | — | 1.92 | — | |
| 5 | /g/-initial one-syllable words | 2.19 | — | 2.42 | — | |
| Wambaugh et al. (1999) | 6 | /p/-initial one-syllable words | 15.17 | 16.50 | 16.50 | 16.50 |
| 6 | /k/-initial one-syllable words | 24.06 | 18.00 a | 17.13 | 17.50 | |
| 6 | /ʃ/-initial one-syllable words | 14.00 | 8.00 a | 6.74 a | 4.00 a | |
| Wambaugh (2004) | 7 | /v/-initial one- and two-syllable words | 15.17 | 15.50 | 8.98 | 9.80 |
| 7 | /r/-blends–initial one- and two-syllable words | 2.92 | 7.35 | 1.89 | 5.20 | |
| 8 | /ʃ/-syllable–final one-syllable words in two-word phrases | 5.81 | 5.81 | 5.48 | 7.57 | |
| 8 | /z/-syllable–initial one- and two-syllable words in two-word phrases | 4.82 | 3.35 | 2.77 | –0.77 | |
| Wambaugh & Nessler (2004) | 9 | /s/-initial one-syllable CV(C) words | 19.16 | 16.21 | — | — |
| 9 | /p/-initial one-syllable CV(C) words | 8.13 a | 5.93 a | — | — | |
| 9 | /v/-initial one-syllable CV(C) words | 3.06 a | 0.95 a | — | — | |
| 9 | /k/-initial one-syllable CV(C) words | 6.48 a | 5.93 a | — | — | |
| 9 | /ʃ/-initial one-syllable CV(C) words | 3.42 a | 7.28 a | — | — | |
| 9 | /ʤ/-initial one-syllable CV(C) words | –0.17 | 5.93 a | — | — | |
| 9 | /l/-initial one-syllable CV(C) words | 8.12 | 4.03 | — | — | |
| 9 | /m/-initial one-syllable CV(C) words | 1.65 | 2.78 | — | — | |
| 9 | /n/-initial one-syllable CV(C) words | 6.21 | 5.41 | — | — | |
| Wambaugh & Mauszycki (2010) | 10 | /b/-initial one-syllable CV(C) words | 8.96 | 11.34 | 3.82 a | 5.48 a |
| 10 | /s/-initial one-syllable CV(C) words | 2.18 a | 5.79 a | 3.39 a | 2.74 a | |
| 10 | /l/-initial one-syllable CV(C) words | 7.75 | 7.38 | 3.82 a | 7.30 a | |
| 10 | /m/-initial one-syllable CV(C) words | 6.37 | 2.51 | 3.31 | –0.73 | |
| 10 | /d/-initial one-syllable CV(C) words | 4.36 a | 4.14 a | 2.12 a | 1.83 a | |
| 10 | /f/-initial one-syllable CV(C) words | 10.37 a | 11.57 a | 5.94 a | 7.30 a | |
| Wambaugh et al. (2013) | 11 | /s/-initial four-syllable words (IB) | 13.06 | 8.19 | 3.39 | 2.99 |
| 11 | /ɪ/- and /ɛ/-initial three-syllable words (IR) | 4.15 | 3.13 | 0.90 | 3.90 | |
| 11 | /r/-initial four-syllable words (TR) | 12.66 | 5.78 | 4.27 | 4.65 a | |
| 11 | /ɑ/-, /æ/-, /i/-, or /o/-initial three-syllable words (TB) | 6.69 | 5.86 | 0.86 | 3.96 | |
| 12 | /θ/-initial or final two-syllable words (IR) | 8.27 | 4.87 | 2.88 | 4.24 | |
| 12 | /ʃ/-initial or final two-syllable words (IB) | 8.81 | 6.86 | 3.83 | 3.32 | |
| 12 | /z/-initial or final two-syllable words (TB) | 8.45 | 3.82 | 1.60 | –0.32 | |
| 12 | /ʤ/-initial or final two-syllable words (TR) | 4.00 | 7.10 | 1.27 | 1.29 | |
| 13 | /sw/-initial one-syllable or /θ/-final two-syllable words (TR) | 14.68 a | 15.65 a | 0.50 a | 2.98 a | |
| 13 | /sm/-initial one-syllable or /ʃ/-final two-syllable words (TB) | 25.50 a | 11.18 a | 4.00 a | 4.47 a | |
| 13 | /bl/-initial one-syllable or /z/-final two-syllable words (IB) | 23.18 | 8.65 | 2.67 | 7.45 a | |
| 13 | /fl/-initial one-syllable or /ʤ/-final two-syllable words (IR) | 22.45 | 7.45 a | 7.00 a | 2.98 a | |
| 14 | /θ/- or /br/-initial three-syllable words (TB) | 10.71 | 7.75 | 1.82 | 2.24 | |
| 14 | /z/- or /gl/-initial three-syllable words (TR) | 5.07 | 9.20 | 2.20 | 0.38 | |
| 14 | /st/- or /t/-initial three-syllable words (IR) | 7.55 | 3.02 | 4.24 | 3.56 | |
| 14 | /ʃ/- or /sk/-initial three-syllable words (IB) | 5.89 | 8.35 | 3.61 | 4.20 | |
| Wambaugh et al. (2014) | 15 | /pr/-initial three-syllable words | 4.14 | 3.75 | 3.28 | 0.30 |
| 15 | /ks/-medial three-syllable words | 8.03 | 6.82 | 2.53 | 4.02 | |
| 15 | /gl/-initial three-syllable words | 3.05 | 3.99 | –0.42 | 0.30 | |
| 15 | /nd/-medial three-syllable words | 3.83 | 6.61 | 0.40 | 1.49 a | |
| 16 | /z/-final one-syllable words | 21.67 | 16.38 | 5.80 | 5.80 | |
| 16 | /st/-initial one-syllable words | 9.87 | 5.20 | 4.78 | 1.82 | |
| 16 | /f/-final one-syllable words | 7.18 | 10.47 | 6.45 | 8.30 | |
| 16 | /gl/-initial one-syllable words | 9.68 a | 8.20 a | 5.64 a | 5.45 a | |
| 17 | /ʤ/-initial one-syllable words | 9.76 | 9.02 | 4.02 | 4.02 | |
| 17 | /sm/-initial one-syllable words | 15.58 a | 12.94 a | 5.68 a | 3.88 a | |
| 17 | /θ/-initial one-syllable words | 15.06 a | 6.47 a | 4.54 a | 1.49 a | |
| 17 | /gl/-initial one-syllable words | 16.70 | 10.22 | 3.18 | 2.29 | |
| 18 | /f/-final one-syllable words | 11.43 | 4.49 | 9.57 a | 2.43 a | |
| 18 | /sm/-initial one-syllable words | 13.70 | 11.07 | 8.22 | 8.22 | |
| 18 | /bl/-initial one-syllable words | 10.95 a | 12.02 a | 8.93 a | 4.26 a | |
| 18 | /p/-final one-syllable words | 20.01 | 16.74 | 8.00 | 7.00 | |
| 19 | /gl/-initial two-syllable words | 8.72 a | 12.19 a | 8.27 a | 8.57 a | |
| 19 | /kw/-medial two-syllable words | 12.17 | 10.89 | 3.51 | 3.51 | |
| 19 | /θr/-initial two-syllable words | 9.77 a | 11.29 a | 13.30 | 11.97 | |
| 19 | /st/-medial two-syllable words | 6.77 | 11.32 | 7.75 | 4.19 | |
| 20 | /θr/-initial two-syllable words | 19.62 | 15.30 | 9.54 | 7.38 | |
| 20 | /gl/-initial two-syllable words | 8.11 | 2.18 | 6.66 | 3.78 | |
| 20 | /sn/-initial three-syllable words | 6.60 a | 7.91 a | 15.75 | 4.69 a | |
| 20 | /kw/-initial three-syllable words | 4.10 | 6.66 | 3.79 | 10.02 | |
| Wambaugh et al. (in press) | 21 | /θ/-medial three- and four-syllable words (B) | 6.57 | 7.18 | 1.22 | 1.98 |
| 21 | /s/-blends initial three- and four-syllable words (B) | 4.02 | 4.02 | 0.00 a | 0.00 a | |
| 21 | /br/-initial or medial three- and four-syllable words (R) | 5.58 | 4.75 | 1.56 | 2.56 | |
| 21 | /l/-medial three- and four-syllable words (R) | 3.79 | 8.50 | 0.41 | 1.79 | |
| 22 | /st/-initial four- and five-syllable words (R) | 7.43 | 10.08 | 3.35 | 2.09 | |
| 22 | /tr/-medial four- and five-syllable words (R) | 9.66 | 8.98 | –0.50 | –0.07 | |
| 22 | /θ/-medial four- and five-syllable words (B) | 2.47 | 6.68 | 2.47 | 6.68 | |
| 22 | /fl/-initial and medial four- and five-syllable words (B) | 4.86 a | 5.71 a | 1.99 a | 3.12 a | |
| 23 | /st/-initial three- and four-syllable words (B) | 7.57 a | 9.05 a | 1.60 a | 1.47 a | |
| 23 | /ʤ/-medial three- and four-syllable words (B) | 8.82 | 7.81 | 2.36 | 2.36 | |
| 23 | /gl/-initial three- and four-syllable words (R) | 10.00 | 8.57 | 0.16 | 0.67 | |
| 23 | /θ/-medial three- and four-syllable words (R) | 10.25 | 14.67 | 0.77 | 5.73 | |
| 24 | /kw/-medial four-syllable words (R) | 14.14 | 2.71 | 1.53 | 1.53 | |
| 24 | /br/-medial four-syllable words (R) | 9.26 | 3.78 | 0.00 a | 1.89 a | |
| 24 | /fl/-medial four-syllable words (B) | 12.22 | 4.19 | 1.71 a | 0.00 a | |
| 24 | /sp/-medial four-syllable words (B) | 5.35 | 7.19 | 1.06 | 3.80 a | |
Note. Em dashes indicate necessary phase data not collected in the original study. CV(C) = consonant–vowel or consonant–vowel–consonant syllable structure; IB = intense blocked; TR = traditional random; IR = intense random; TB = traditional blocked; B = blocked; R = random.
a
No variance in the original data; used variance from other baselines from the same participant.