Table 2.

Intervention overview of selected multilevel multicomponent obesity prevention trials and process evaluation

Study	Intervention	Intervention levels					Process evaluation
		Individual	Interpersonal	Organizational	Community	Policy
Ballabeina	Increase PA, improve diet and reduce ST	Students	Parents, teachers and local health promoters	Schools		New national PA program	88 % achievement of teacher outcomes, 85 % of environmental outcomes, and more than 75 % of all child outcomes
BHEZ	Promotion of food alternatives and messages on food-related behaviors	Youth and caregiver pairs	Peer educators, primary caregiver and graduate students	we	Wholesalers, restaurants, carryouts, corner stores, rec. centers and community-based orgs		Measures of reach, dose, and fidelity by level and phase showed that 4 intervention components were not achieved and 2 were achieved
COPTR	Visitation program and parenting classes aimed at parents; social media and phone coaching; primary-care counseling, screen-time reduction; goal-setting, skill building, changing family environment. Interventions tailored to site	Children and parents	Teachers	Primary care facilities	Rec. centers and other community resources		Evaluation plans are site specific and vary in design. Results not yet published
CORD	Tailored interventions at each study site focused on improvements in FV and water consumption, PA, and quality sleep	Children	Community health workers, teachers, and parents	Schools, child care centers and healthcare facilities	Restaurants and rec. centers	Families are eligible for benefits under Title XXI (CHIP) or Title XIX (Medicaid)	Context, reach, dose delivered, dose received, and intervention fidelity. Results not yet published
CHL	Community prioritized, tailored intervention strategies: policy supports, growing and eating local healthy foods, role models, accessibility of PA environments, water access, and health workforce training	Children	University students	Health workforce training programs	Community orgs and community leader advisory committee	Support policy for healthy eating and PA. Increase accessibility of environments for safe play and PA	Fidelity measures scored “somewhat well” in 3 of the 4 crosscutting functions
GEMS	Culturally tailored after-school dance classes with daily transportation provided to centers. Home-based screen-time reduction lessons, monitoring, and mentorship	Youth and caregivers	Family screen-time intervention mentor		Rec. centers		Attendance at dance classes and family receipt of screen-time intervention was lower than planned. Strong receipt and reading of newsletters
HC2	Childcare centers healthy menu changes and family-based education focused on increased PA and FV intake, decreased intake of simple carbohydrate snacks, and decreased ST	Parents and children	Teachers			New center policy for dietary requirements for diet, PA, and ST	Attendance, activity engagement, newsletter use, and satisfaction completed. Results not yet published
HFS	Residence-based health screenings, walking groups, nutrition and cooking demos, and healthy purchasing options	Mother-daughter pairs	Residents trained in community outreach support program and families	Public housing residences		Public housing program	Surveys group activities, participant evaluations, and paraprofessional leaders on activities, communication, and satisfaction. Results not yet published
ICAPS	Change knowledge, attitudes, beliefs, and motivation toward PA and improved environmental conditions supporting PA	Youth	Teachers, medical staff and families	PA clubs	Rec. centers		~50 % of the students participated in at least one weekly activity. All intervention students exposed to at least two educational sessions. Mobilization and implication of the teachers, the families, and partners in and outside schools increased throughout
INSP	Education curriculum and environmental changes to diet and PA	Students	Parents, families, and PE teachers	Principals and school authorities		Policy makers and researchers collaborate	Year one: intervention 75 % of nutrition, 70 % of PA, 90 % communication/ed. implemented. Year two: 80, 70, and 95 %, respectively
SUS	Diet and PA campaigns, improved foods available in schools and restaurants, education, and community activities	Students and parents	Families, teachers	Schools	Restaurant owners and community organizations	New school wellness policy and state-level policy base	100 % of 1 to 3 grade classrooms implemented school curriculum 21 restaurants recruited to become SUS approved and 10 of 21 restaurants fully complied with all approval criteria
Switch	Students increase the amount of habitual PA, reduce the amount of total ST, and increase FV intake	Children and families	Parents, teachers	Schools			Child, parent, and teacher surveys. Results not yet published
TEFNEP	Increase habitual PA, reduce ST, and increase FV consumption	Parents	Trained paraprofessional teachers			TEFNEP state program used as foundation	Fidelity to the intervention class session structure was high
TriAtiva	Students receive nutrition education and increased PA with families and school. Policy regulation of foods available	Students	Families, teachers and nutritionists	Schools		Law regulates snack food sold and school lunches	Not evaluated