Table 1.
Univariate demographic, covariate variables, and outcome measures by admission location.
| Variable/Outcome | NICU n=9,493 (48%) | CICU N=7,830 (39%) | PICU N=2,661 (13%) | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics | ||||
| Male gender, n (%) | 5,669 (60%) | 4,675 (60%) | 1,593 (60%) | 0.9 |
| Race, n (%) | <0.001 | |||
| Non-Hispanic black | 859 (9%) | 870 (11%) | 201 (8%) | |
| Hispanic | 1,451 (15%) | 1,038 (13%) | 556 (21%) | |
| Non-Hispanic white | 4,772 (50%) | 3,964 (51%) | 1,387 (52%) | |
| Asian | 134 (1%) | 65 (1%) | 24 (1%) | |
| Missing or other | 2,277 (24%) | 1,893 (24%) | 493 (19%) | |
| Payor | <0.001 | |||
| Private | 3,734 (39%) | 2,816 (36%) | 975 (37%) | |
| Government | 4,595 (48%) | 3,532 (45%) | 1,423 (53%) | |
| Other | 1,164 (12%) | 1,482 (19%) | 263 (10%) | |
| Patient Characteristics | ||||
| Age at admission, days, mean ± SD | 1.9±3.9 | 3.2±5.5 | 5.9±7.59 | <0.001 |
| Age at admission, days, Median (IQR) | 0 (0,2) | 0 (0,3) | 0 (0,9) | <0.001 |
| Age at admission, n (%)* | <0.001 | |||
| 0–1 days | 6,996 (74%) | 4,858 (62%) | 1,284 (48%) | |
| 2–7 days | 1,706 (18%) | 1,778 (23%) | 543 (20%) | |
| 8–14 days | 556 (6%) | 687 (9%) | 412 (15%) | |
| 15+ days | 235 (2%) | 506 (6%) | 422 (16%) | |
| Admission year, n (%) | <0.001 | |||
| 2003 | 85 (1%) | 43 (1%) | 12 (0.5%) | |
| 2004 | 858 (9%) | 665 (8%) | 234 (9%) | |
| 2005 | 934 (10%) | 736 (9%) | 295 (11%) | |
| 2006 | 1,022 (11%) | 891 (11%) | 305 (11%) | |
| 2007 | 1,097 (12%) | 830 (11%) | 283 (11%) | |
| 2008 | 1,176 (12%) | 795 (10%) | 211 (8%) | |
| 2009 | 1,037 (11%) | 658 (8%) | 213 (8%) | |
| 2010 | 967 (10%) | 677 (9%) | 192 (7%) | |
| 2011 | 875 (9%) | 815 (10%) | 318 (12%) | |
| 2012 | 756 (8%) | 861 (11%) | 301 (11%) | |
| 2013 | 686 (7%) | 859 (11%) | 297 (11%) | |
| Prostaglandin use, n (%) | 7,428 (78%) | 6,146 (78%) | 2,076 (78%) | 0.9 |
| RACHS-1 score | <0.001 | |||
| 2 | 1,979 (21%) | 1,566 (20%) | 736 (28%) | |
| 3 | 3,505 (37%) | 2,920 (37%) | 880 (33%) | |
| 4 | 2,620 (28%) | 1,958 (25%) | 696 (26%) | |
| 5 | 55 (1%) | 44 (1%) | 21 (1%) | |
| 6 | 1,334 (14%) | 1,342 (17%) | 328 (12%) | |
| Risk Factors | ||||
| Prematurity†, n (%) | 1,428 (15%) | 720 (9%) | 195 (7%) | <0.001 |
| Low birth weight†, n (%) | 1,196 (12%) | 567 (7%) | 149 (6%) | <0.001 |
| Other genetic or major non-cardiac defect, n(%) | 1,409 (15%) | 884 (11%) | 263 (10%) | <0.001 |
| Heterotaxy syndrome, n (%) | 601 (6%) | 358 (5%) | 117 (4%) | <0.001 |
| Center data | ||||
| Census region, n (%) | <0.001 | |||
| Midwest | 2,866 (30%) | 886 (11%) | 784 (29%) | |
| Northeast | 1,436 (15%) | 1,912 (24%) | 237 (9%) | |
| South | 2,713 (29%) | 2,853 (36%) | 1,058 (40%) | |
| West | 2,478 (26%) | 2,179 (28%) | 582 (22%) | |
| Center volume, n (%) | <0.001 | |||
| Lowest tertile, <50 cases/ yr | 3,146 (33%) | 2,104 (27%) | 760 (29%) | |
| Middle tertile, 50–75 cases/yr | 3,095 (33%) | 4,958 (63%) | 372 (14%) | |
| Highest tertile, > 75 cases/ yr | 3,252 (34%) | 768 (10%) | 1,529 (57%) | |
| Complications/Infections | ||||
| Chylothorax, n (%) | 558 (6%) | 290 (4%) | 123 (5%) | <0.001 |
| Medical complications, n (%) | 165 (2%) | 108 (1%) | 24 (1%) | 0.004 |
| Surgical complications, n (%) | 4,720 (50%) | 3,811 (49%) | 1,213 (46%) | 0.001 |
| Infectious complications, n (%) | 3,678 (39%) | 2,186 (28%) | 787 (30%) | <0.001 |
| ECMO, n (%) | 630 (7%) | 556 (7%) | 210 (8%) | 0.07 |
| Outcomes | ||||
| Total hospital cost, median (IQR)‡ | $106,470 ($57,830, $185,500) | $100,202 ($63,890, 169,410 | $118,480 ($75,110, $201,410) | <0.001 |
| Total hospital LOS, median (IQR) | 24 (15,42) | 17 (11,30) | 18 (10,33) | <0.001 |
| ICU LOS, median (IQR) | 18 (11,34) | 11 (6,20) | 13 (7,23) | <0.001 |
| Days of mechanical ventilation, median (IQR) | 6 (3,13) | 6 (3,10) | 6 (3,11) | <0.001 |
| Preoperative LOS, median (IQR) | 5 (2,8) | 3 (1,5) | 3 (1,6) | <0.001 |
| Postoperative LOS, median (IQR) | 19 (10, 35) | 14 (8, 26) | 14 (7,28) | <0.001 |
| Mortality, n (%) | 830 (9%) | 600 (8%) | 224 (8%) | 0.04 |
*
age of admission not available for 1 CICU subject.
†
definition available in Appendix 1.
‡
total cost available for 18,065 (90%) of total cohort
NICU - Neonatal intensive care unit, CICU - cardiac intensive care unit, PICU - Pediatric intensive care unit, SD – standard deviation. RACHS-1 – risk adjusted congenital heart surgery, ECMO- extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, IQR – interquartile range, ICU – intensive care unit, LOS – length of stay