Table 1.
Comparison of those with and without cost data.
| Covariates and outcomes | Observations with hospital cost (n=18,065, 90.4%) | Observations without hospital cost (n=1,919, 9.6%) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Patient demographics | |||
| Male , n (%) | 10,808 (60) | 1129 (59) | 0.40 |
| Race, n (%) | <0.0001 | ||
| Non-Hispanic White | 9,170 (51) | 953(50) | |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 1,623(9) | 307(16) | |
| Hispanics | 2,818 (16) | 227(12) | |
| Asian | 210 (1) | 13 (1) | |
| Missing/other | 4,244 (23) | 419 (22) | |
| Payer [(n (%)] | <0.0001 | ||
| Government | 8,824 (49) | 726 (38) | |
| Private | 6,628 (37) | 897 (47) | |
| Other | 2,613 (14) | 296 (15) | |
| Patient characteristics | |||
| Age at admitted (days) median, (range) | 1(0,29) | 0 (0, 29) | <0.0001 |
| Admitted year, n (%) | <0.0001 | ||
| 2003 | 107 (1) | 33 (2) | |
| 2004 | 1,205 (7) | 552 (29) | |
| 2005 | 1,742 (10) | 223 (12) | |
| 2006 | 2,048 (11) | 170 (9) | |
| 2007 | 2,123 (12) | 87 (5) | |
| 2008 | 2,055 (11) | 127 (7) | |
| 2009 | 1,736 (10) | 172 (9) | |
| 2010 | 1,694 (9) | 142(7) | |
| 2011 | 1,876 (10) | 132 (7) | |
| 2012 | 1,787 (10) | 131 (7) | |
| 2013 | 1,692 (9) | 150 (8) | |
| Prostaglandin use, n (%) | 12,093(67) | 1,322(69) | 0.08 |
| RACHS score, n (%) | 0.0001 | ||
| 2 | 3,919 (22) | 362 (19) | |
| 3 | 6,576 (36) | 729 (38) | |
| 4 | 4,804 (27) | 470 (24) | |
| 5 | 108 (1) | 12(1) | |
| 6 | 2,658 (15) | 346 (18) | |
| Risk factors | |||
| Premature, n (%) | 2,148 (12) | 195 (10) | 0.03 |
| Low birth weight, n (%) | 1,736 (10) | 176 (9) | 0.53 |
| Other congenital defect, n (%) | 2,329 (13) | 227 (12) | 0.18 |
| Heterotaxy, n (%) | 989 (5) | 87 (5) | 0.08 |
| Complications/Infections | |||
| Chylothorax, n (%) | 915 (5) | 56 (3) | <0.0001 |
| Medical complication, n (%) | 266 (1) | 31(2) | 0.62 |
| Surgery complication, n (%) | 8,796 (49) | 948 (49) | 0.55 |
| Infection, n (%) | 6,048 (33) | 603 (31) | 0.07 |
| EMCO, n (%) | 1,258 (7) | 138 (7) | 0.71 |
| Center data | |||
| Region, n (%) | <0.0001 | ||
| West | 5,018 (28) | 221 (12) | |
| South | 6,335 (35) | 289 (15) | |
| Northeast | 2,238 (12) | 1,347(70) | |
| Midwest | 4,474 (25) | 62 (3) | |
| Central volume, n (%) | <0.0001 | ||
| <50.1 | 5,187 (29) | 362 (19) | |
| 50.1 to 74.8 | 5,941 (33) | 69 (4) | |
| ≥74.8 | 6, 937(38) | 1,488 (78) | |
| Outcomes | |||
| Length of stay (days), median (IQR) | 21 (13,36) | 18 (11,36) | <0.0001 |
| Mechanical ventilation (days), median (IQR) | 6 (3,12) | 4 (2,10) | <0.0001 |
| ICU LOS (days), median (IQR) | 15 (8,27) | 13 (7,25) | <0.0001 |
| Pre-operative LOS, median (IQR) | 4 (1,7) | 3 (1,5) | <0.0001 |
| Mortality, n (%) | 1,476 (8) | 178 (9) | 0.09 |
| Admission locations, n (%) | <0.0001 | ||
| CICU | 6,430 (36) | 1,400 (73) | |
| NICU | 9,100 (50) | 393 (20) | |
| PICU | 2,535 (14) | 126 (7) | |