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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2019 Jan 1.
Published in final edited form as: Prev Med. 2017 Oct 21;106:101–106. doi: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2017.10.024

Table 2.

The longitudinal associations of baseline self-body image and discrepancy between self vs. desired body images on subsequent child eating and exercise behaviors and weight gain by gender: the China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS) 2000–2011 (n=4,605)

Eating and
exercise behaviors
and weight gain
during follow-up		 1) Baseline self-rated body image
(Ref= average)		 2) Discrepancy between self vs.
desired body images (Ref= consistent)
Boy Girl Boy Girl
Fat Thin Fat Thin Need to
lose
weight		 Need to
gain
weight		 Need to
lose
weight		 Need to
gain
weight
Beta (SE) Beta (SE)
1. BMI- Z score 0.59 (0.17)*** −0.33 (0.06)*** 0.64 (0.17)** −0.34 (0.06)*** 0.37 (0.10)*** −0.10 (0.06) 0.17 (0.08)* −0.22 (0.06)***
2. Energy intake (Kcal) 69.4 (71.1) −50.8 (24.5)* 141.5 (68.2)* −52.9 (23.0)* −82.1
(42.1)± 		25.8
(25.0)		 −15.0 (32.1) 39.3 (24.9)
3. MVPA (min) 4.28 (7.17) 6.36 (2.40)** −1.02 (8.35) −2.29 (2.84) 7.70
(4.09)± 		−4.52
(2.45)± 		2.45
(3.97)		 1.49
(3.14)
Odds ratio (95% CI) Odds ratio (95% CI)
4. Overweight/obese2 4.15 (1.38–2.48) 0.33 (0.20–0.55) 17.84 (4.25–75.86) 0.39 (0.20–0.74) 4.22 (2.08–8.56) 0.59 (0.32–1.07) 1.74 (0.82–3.71) 0.55 (0.25–1.21)
5. Attempted to change his/her weight through dieting 2.68 (1.18–6.06) 0.91 (0.60–1.38) 1.40 (0.64–3.05) 0.62 (0.43–0.89) 1.94 (1.09–3.48) 0.66 (0.41–1.06) 1.69 (1.13–2.54) 1.20 (0.78–1.82)
6. Total energy intake> Chinese DRI recommendation3 1.40 (0.72–2.70) 0.69 (0.54–0.88) 1.65 (0.87–3.12) 0.69 (0.54–0.88) 0.87 (0.57–1.31) 0.98 (0.76–1.26) 0.86 (0.62–1.20) 1.11 (0.85–1.44)
7. Felt having good enough/lots of PA 1.29 (0.73–2.30) 1.02 (0.83–1.25) 0.52 (0.27–1.00) 0.93 (0.74–1.16) 0.53 (0.38–0.73) 0.88 (0.71–1.08) 0.62 (0.46–0.85) 1.10 (0.86–1.41)
8. Daily MVPA≥ 60 min4 1.61 (0.66–3.89) 1.64 (1.16–2.32) 0.57 (0.09–3.45) 0.70 (0.42–1.16) 1.20 (0.68–2.10) 0.79 (0.55–1.12) 1.48 (0.75–3.02) 1.27 (0.71–2.28)

Separate mixed models were fit for each outcome variable with self-body image and discrepancy between self vs. desired body images, respectively. Dietary intake and physical activity were assessed using a 24 hours recall/same-day interview and survey questionnaires for children’s time spent on six specific PA before or after school or on weekends. Desired body size ‘average’ (4–6 silhouettes) and ‘consistent’ between self vs. desired body images were used as a reference in models. Child age (6–11 years old/12 and above), household income level (tertiles), parental education (up to primary school/middle school degree/vocational or college degree or higher), residence area (urban/rural), parental weight status (non-overweight/overweight/obese) and data collection years were adjusted in the models.

1

We tested interaction between child gender and baseline desired body image on weight gain and health behaviors using interaction terms between gender with self-/self vs. desired discrepancy in body images in additional model and no significant gender interactions with body images were found.

2

Weight status was classified by the Extended International (IOTF) BMI cut-offs (Cole, TJ. et al., 2000).

3

The DRI recommendation for daily energy intake is the sex-, age-, and physical activity level-specific recommendation for the daily amount of energy intake based on Chinese Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs), 2013 version.

4

Children are recommended to have 60 min/day of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity by World Health Organization (WHO).

±

p<0.1,

*

p<0.05,

**

p<0.01, and

***

p<0.001.