Table 4.

Factors associated with opioid medication prescription for ≥ 90 days in adult transplant recipients continuously enrolled in Medicare Part A, B and D, 2010 (n = 35,682)

	Characteristics	OR	(95% CI)	P value
Age group
	20–44	0.87	(0.79, 0.95)	0.003
	45–64	1.31	(1.22, 1.42)	<0.001
	65+	1.00
Gender
	Male	1.00
	Female	1.33	(1.25, 1.41)	<0.001
Race
	White	1.35	(1.26, 1.45)	<0.001
	Non-White	1.00
Education
	High school or less	1.00
	Some college or higher	0.95	(0.88, 1.03)	0.18
	Unknown/Missing	0.98	(0.90, 1.06)	0.58
Employment status
	Working	1.00
	Not working	1.16	(1.07, 1.26)	<0.001
	Unknown/Missing	1.09	(0.98, 1.21)	0.13
ZIP code median income
	< $45,000	1.36	(1.22, 1.53)	<0.001
	$45,000 – $74,999	1.22	(1.09, 1.36)	<0.001
	≥$75,000	1.00
Dual status†
	No	1.00
	Yes	1.47	(1.37, 1.58)	<0.001
Residential area
	Rural	1.12	(1.04, 1.21)	0.004
	Non-rural	1.00
Nursing home residence‡
	No	1.00
	Yes	1.15	(0.98, 1.35)	0.10
Transplant vintage
	1–5 years	1.00
	6–10 years	1.22	(1.13, 1.31)	<0.001
	11+ years	1.43	(1.33, 1.55)	<0.001
Cancer§
	No	1.00
	Yes	1.16	(0.99, 1.37)	0.06
Pain-related hospitalization in 2010
	No	1.00
	Yes	2.62	(2.30, 2.97)	<0.001
Mental health-related hospitalization in 2010
	No	1.00
	Yes	1.39	(1.26, 1.53)	<0.001
Number of hospitalizations in 2010
	0	1.00
	1–2	1.45	(1.34, 1.56)	<0.001
	3–4	1.84	(1.63, 2.08)	<0.001
	5 or more	2.18	(1.86, 2.56)	<0.001

OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval.

All variables presented in the table were adjusted in the logistic regression model.

^†Dual status in Medicare and Medicaid

^‡On the basis of one or more claims in physician/carrier files

^§On the basis of one or more inpatient stays with a cancer diagnosis and Form 2728