Table 1.
Baseline Demographics, Comorbidities, and Ingestion Characteristics for Acetaminophen-Induced ALF By Sex
| Women (n = 694) |
Men (n = 218) |
p value | |
|---|---|---|---|
|
| |||
| Median age (IQR), years | 37 (29–47) | 33 (25–45) | 0.0015 |
|
| |||
| Race | |||
| White | 589 (84.9) | 182 (83.5) | 0.84 |
| Black | 58 (8.4) | 21 (9.6) | |
| Other | 47 (6.8) | 15 (6.9) | |
|
| |||
| Hispanic ethnicity | 42 (6.1) | 18 (8.3) | 0.25 |
|
| |||
| Years of education1 | |||
| 0–7 | 5 (1.2) | 3 (2.4) | 0.014 |
| 8–12 | 234 (56.4) | 88 (69.3) | |
| >12 | 176 (42.4) | 36 (28.4) | |
|
| |||
| US census region | |||
| Northeast | 102 (14.7) | 38 (17.4) | 0.34 |
| South | 184 (26.5) | 54 (24.8) | |
| Midwest | 162 (23.3) | 61 (28.0) | |
| West | 233 (33.6) | 60 (27.5) | |
| Canada | 13 (1.9) | 5 (2.3) | |
|
| |||
| Comorbidities (ever) | |||
| Psychiatric disease | 415 (60.0) | 104 (47.7) | 0.0014 |
| Intravenous drug use | 49 (7.1) | 31 (14.5) | 0.0010 |
| Hypertension | 93 (13.4) | 26 (11.9) | 0.56 |
| Endocrine | 102 (14.7) | 16 (7.3) | 0.0046 |
| Heart disease | 41 (5.9) | 11 (5.1) | 0.63 |
| BMI ≥30 (Obesity)1 | 139 (24.3) | 44 (24.4) | 0.9687 |
|
| |||
| Alcohol intake, drinks per week1 | |||
| 0–6 | 170 (72.3) | 36 (52.2) | 0.0017 |
| 7–14 | 21 (8.9) | 6 (8.7) | |
| >14 | 44 (18.7) | 27 (39.1) | |
|
| |||
| Psychiatric medication use (per patient report) | 289 (42.3) | 54 (24.9) | <0.001 |
|
| |||
| Oral contraceptive use | 38 (5.5) | – | – |
|
| |||
| Hormone replacement therapy use | 37 (5.4) | 1 (0.5) | 0.0016 |
|
| |||
| Intentionality | |||
| Suicide attempt | 254 (38.4) | 88 (43.6) | 0.15 |
| Unintentional | 350 (53.0) | 104 (51.5) | |
| Unknown | 57 (8.6) | 10 (4.9) | |
|
| |||
| Initiation of therapeutic acetaminophen use1 | |||
| Physician recommended | 69 (24.7) | 15 (17.9) | 0.19 |
| Self-initiated | 210 (75.3) | 69 (82.1) | |
|
| |||
| Therapeutic intent1,2 | |||
| Acute pain | 28 (26.7) | 10 (30.3) | 0.48 |
| Infectious process | 9 (8.6) | 1 (3.0) | |
| Sub-acute pain | 22 (21.0) | 10 (30.3) | |
| Chronic pain | 46 (43.8) | 12 (36.4) | |
|
| |||
| Median reported acetaminophen dose (IQR), mg | 14,950 (4,000–36,000) | 20,000 (5,000–50,000) | 0.095 |
|
| |||
| Median weight-adjusted acetaminophen dose (IQR), mg/kg | 226.3 (57.4–523.3) | 235.4 (59.2–595.2) | 0.57 |
|
| |||
| Median time from ingestion to acetaminophen level (IQR), hours | 48 (24–72) | 24 (24–72) | 0.088 |
|
| |||
| Median time from symptom onset to initial hospitalization (IQR), hours | 24 (0–72) | 24 (0–48) | 0.56 |
|
| |||
| Median time from symptom onset to maximum HE (IQR), hours | 168 (96–216) | 168.0 (96–216) | 0.79 |
|
| |||
| Median time from initial hospitalization to transfer to transplant center (IQR), days | 4.9 (4.5–5.3) | 4.8 (4.5–5.3) | 0.26 |
NOTE: data shown are number (percentage) unless otherwise indicated
ALF = acute liver failure; IQR = interquartile range; BMI = body mass index; HE = hepatic encephalopathy
1
Incomplete data for these variables: for education level n = 542, for BMI >30 n = 752, for Alcohol intake n = 304, for Initiation of APAP use n = 363, for Therapeutic intent n = 138
2
Acute pain = <1 week of symptoms, Sub-acute pain = 1–4 weeks of symptoms, Chronic pain = >4 weeks of symptoms