Table 2.

Clinical Parameters for Acetaminophen-Induced ALF By Sex

	Women (n = 694)	Men (n = 218)	p value
ALT, IU/L
Pre-study peak	4556 (2261–7595)	5374 (2545–9374)	0.017
Study entry	3406 (1845–5605)	4506 (2572–7115)	<0.001
Study peak	3865 (2113–6210)	4999 (2764–7825)	<0.001
AST, IU/L
Pre-study peak	6125 (2663–10,314)	6364 (3156–11,044)	0.41
Study entry	3473 (1302–7578)	4165 (1968–7971)	0.077
Study peak	4029 (1480–8403)	4748 (2394–8360)	0.078
INR
Pre-study peak	4.2 (2.8–6.2)	4.2 (3.1–6.6)	0.45
Study entry	2.9 (2.0–4.4)	3.0 (2.2–4.6)	0.14
Study peak	3.2 (2.1–4.8)	3.2 (2.3–5.5)	0.087
Bilirubin, mg/dL
Pre-study peak	3.9 (2.5–5.7)	5.8 (3.4–8.0)	<0.001
Study entry	4.1 (2.6–5.9)	5.4 (3.3–7.7)	<0.001
Study peak	6.3 (3.7–11.1)	8.6 (4.4–14.2)	<0.001
Creatinine, mg/dL
Pre-study peak	1.8 (1.0–3.1)	2.4 (1.4–3.6)	<0.001
Study entry	1.7 (0.9–3.0)	2.4 (1.0–4.1)	<0.001
Study peak	2.3 (1.0–4.2)	2.9 (1.1–5.7)	<0.001
Arterial ammonia, umol/L1
Study entry	97 (58–162)	109 (59–182)	0.52
Study peak	102 (62–164)	110 (59–175)	0.94
Venous ammonia, umol/L1
Study entry	102 (70–154)	89 (59–159)	0.28
Study peak	106 (76–163)	104 (70–167)	0.69
Lactate, mmol/L
Study entry	4.3 (2.3–8.4)	3.5 (2.1–7.6)	0.32
Study peak	4.4 (2.4–8.8)	3.9 (2.2–7.7)	0.31
pH
Study entry	7.41 (7.34–7.47)	7.43 (7.37–7.47)	0.041
Study peak	7.47 (7.42–7.52)	7.47 (7.42–7.52)	0.94
Glucose, mg/dL
Study entry	122 (98–158)	119 (97–157)	0.56
Study peak	133 (106–168)	130 (107–171)	0.71
Albumin, g/dL
Study entry	2.8 (2.5–3.2)	3.0 (2.7–3.4)	<0.001
Study peak	3.0 (2.7–3.4)	3.2 (2.9–3.6)	<0.001
Sodium, mmol/L
Study entry	140 (137–144)	139 (136–142)	<0.001
Study peak	143 (139–147)	141 (138–144)	<0.001
Phosphate, mg/dL
Study entry	2.5 (1.7–3.5)	2.9 (1.8–4.0)	0.0083
Study peak	3.5 (2.3–4.6)	3.8 (2.7–5.0)	0.059
MELD
Study entry	32.5 (24.1–39.2)	34.9 (27.3–41.3)	0.0041
Study peak	34.3 (25.4–41.0)	36.3 (28.4–43.4)	0.0082
NAC Use, n (%)
Study entry	621 (89.6)	195 (89.5)	0.95
Study peak	622 (89.8)	197 (90.4)	0.79
Acetaminophen level, mg/L
Study entry	42.7 (18.0–107.0)	45.0 (20.5–97.0)	0.85
Met King’s College Criteria, n (%)
Study entry	65 (9.5)	29 (13.8)	0.075
Study entry HE grade, N (%)
No coma	13 (2.0)	8 (3.7)	<0.001
I	152 (22.8)	70 (32.7)
II	114 (17.1)	47 (22.0)
III	166 (24.9)	28 (13.1)
IV	222 (33.3)	61 (28.5)
Maximum HE grade, N (%)
No coma	14 (1.9)	7 (3.3)	0.023
I	104 (15.4)	47 (22.0)
II	96 (14.2)	37 (17.3)
III	136 (20.2)	28 (13.1)
IV	325 (48.2)	95 (44.4)
Length of ICU stay, days	4.0 (2.0–7.0)	4.0 (2.0–7.0)	0.29

NOTE: Data shown are Median (IQR), unless otherwise indicated

ALF = acute liver failure; INR = international normalized ratio; IQR = interquartile range; MELD = Model for End-Stage Liver Disease; NAC = N-acetylcysteine; HE = hepatic encephalopathy; ICP = intracranial pressure; ICU = intensive care unit

¹For arterial ammonia, on study entry n = 248, at study peak n = 278; for venous ammonia, on study entry n = 364, at study peak, n = 418