Appendix 1. Unadjusted studies included in the meta-analysis.
| Study | N Birth Weight (g) |
Sample Type |
Geographic Region |
Measure Type |
Informant | Birth Weight Source |
Age (years) |
Birth Weight (g) | Male (%) |
Caucasian (%) |
Non-Caucasian (%) |
Gestational Age (weeks) |
Tobacco (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adger-Antonikowski, 2009 | 68 | BW | N. America | Questionnaire | Parent | Parent report | 4.3 | 1497 | 41 | 83 | 10 | 34 | --- |
| Anderson et al., 2011 | 362 | BW | Australia/NZ | Questionnaire | Parent | Medical record | 8.1 | 2111 | 53 | --- | --- | 33 | --- |
| Anderson et al., 2003 | 498 | BW | Australia/NZ | Questionnaire | Parent | Medical record | 8.8 | 2014 | 47 | --- | --- | 32 | --- |
| Andreias et al., 2010 | 359 | BW | N. America | Questionnaire | Parent | Medical record | 8 | 2031 | 38 | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Asbury et al., 2006 | 938 | Community | Europe | Questionnaire | Teacher | Parent report | 7 | --- | 100 | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Asbury et al., 2006 | 1104 | Community | Europe | Questionnaire | Teacher | Parent report | 7 | --- | 0 | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Beverly et al., 2008 | 45 | Community | N. America | Questionnaire | Parent | Medical record | 11 | --- | 44 | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Bora et al., 2011 | 212 | BW | Australia/NZ | --- | Multiple | Medical record | 6 | 2343 | 53 | --- | --- | 34 | --- |
| Botting et al., 1997 | 284 | BW | Europe | Interview | Parent | Medical record | 12 | --- | 65 | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Boulet et al., 2011 | 87,578 | Population | N. America | Medical record | Parent | Parent report | --- | --- | 51 | 78 | 15 | --- | --- |
| Breeman et al., 2016 | 488 | BW | Europe | Interview | Parent | Parent report | 7 | 2275 | 50 | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Breslau et al., 1996 | 414 | BW | N. America | --- | Multiple | Medical record | 6 | --- | 44 | 23 | 77 | --- | 35 |
| Breslau et al., 1996 | 409 | BW | N. America | --- | Multiple | Medical record | 6 | --- | 53 | 92 | 8 | --- | 27 |
| Chu et al., 2012 | 407 | ADHD | Asia | Medical record | Clinician | Medical record | 9 | 3186 | 79 | --- | --- | 38 | --- |
| Class et al., 2014 | 3,292,773 | Population | Europe | Medical record | Clinical | Medical record | --- | --- | 52 | --- | --- | 40 | --- |
| Conrad, Richman, Lindgren, & Nopoulos, 2010 | 104 | BW | N. America | --- | Multiple | Medical record | 11.5 | 2365 | 51 | 88 | --- | --- | --- |
| Crea et al., 2014 | 449 | Community | N. America | Questionnaire | Parent | Parent report | 16.7 | 3161 | 51 | 55 | 32 | --- | --- |
| Davis, Burns, Snyder, & Robinson, 2007 | 94 | BW | N. America | Questionnaire | Parent | Medical record | 5.3 | 1010 | 44 | 70 | 20 | 28 | --- |
| de Zeeuw et al., 2012 | 88 | ADHD | Europe | Interview | Parent | Parent report | 10 | 3493 | 86 | --- | --- | 40 | 17 |
| Duris, 2002 | 117 | BW | N. America | Medical record | Clinician | Parent report | 8 | 2316 | 51 | 52 | 48 | 35 | --- |
| Elgen et al., 2013 | 268 | BW | Europe | Interview | --- | --- | 19 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Emond et al., 2008 | 164 | BW | S. America | --- | Multiple | Medical record | 8.2 | 2774 | --- | --- | --- | 39 | --- |
| Fazio, 2012 | 588 | ADHD | N. America | Interview | Parent | --- | 8.5 | --- | 70 | 90 | --- | --- | 26 |
| Frederick, 2012 | 50 | Community | N. America | Questionnaire | --- | --- | --- | 3500 | 100 | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Galera et al., 2011 | 1665 | Community | N. America | Questionnaire | Parent | Medical record | --- | --- | 51 | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Groen-Blokhuis et al., 2011 | 6631 | Population | Europe | Questionnaire | Parent | Parent report | 3 | --- | 0 | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Groen-Blokhuis et al., 2011 | 6661 | Population | Europe | Questionnaire | Parent | Parent report | 3 | --- | 100 | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Grunau et al., 2004 | 84 | BW | N. America | Questionnaire | Parent | --- | 17.5 | 1748 | 60 | --- | --- | 31 | --- |
| Hack et al., 2004 | 207 | BW | N. America | Questionnaire | Parent | Medical record | 20 | --- | 100 | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Hack et al., 2004 | 235 | BW | N. America | Questionnaire | Parent | Medical record | 20 | --- | 0 | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Halmoy, Klungsoyr, Skjaerven, & Haavik, 2012 | 1,150,705 | ADHD | Europe | Medical record | Clinician | Medical record | --- | --- | 51 | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Hanc et al., 2015 | 615 | ADHD | Europe | Medical record | Clinician | Medical record | 10.5 | 3383 | 100 | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Hanke et al., 2003 | 136 | BW | Europe | Questionnaire | Parent | Medical Record | 6.2 | 45 | --- | --- | --- | --- | |
| Hatch, Healey, & Halperin, 2014 | 197 | Community | N. America | --- | Multiple | Parent report | 4.3 | 3288 | 74 | 40 | 42 | --- | --- |
| Huang et al., 2012 | 84 | BW | Asia | Questionnaire | Parent | --- | --- | --- | 59 | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Hultman et al., 2007 | 1055 | Population | Europe | Questionnaire | Parent | Medical record | 8.5 | --- | 100 | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Hultman et al., 2007 | 1066 | Population | Europe | Questionnaire | Parent | Medical record | 8.5 | --- | 0 | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Indredavik et al., 2010 | 146 | BW | Europe | Interview | Parent | Medical record | 14 | 2753 | 48 | --- | --- | 35 | --- |
| Jaspers et al., 2013 | 1664 | ADHD | Europe | Questionnaire | Parent | Medical record | --- | --- | 48 | --- | --- | --- | 31 |
| Johnson-Kramer, 1999 | 36 | BW | N. America | Medical record | Clinician | Medical record | 10.4 | 1787 | 100 | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Kadziela-Olech & Piotrowska-Jastrzebska, 2005 | 100 | ADHD | Europe | Questionnaire | Parent | Parent report | 7.4 | --- | 85 | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Knopik et al., 2005 | 5,872 | Population | N. America | Interview | Parent | Parent report | 14.4 | --- | 0 | 87 | --- | --- | 37 |
| Kreppner, O’Connor, & Rutter, 2001 | 214 | Community | Europe | --- | Multiple | Medical record | 6 | --- | 50 | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Lahti et al., 2006 | 267 | Community | Europe | Questionnaire | Parent | Medical record | --- | 3573 | 46 | --- | --- | --- | 9 |
| Langley et al., 2007 | 356 | ADHD | Europe | Interview | Parent | Parent report | 9.2 | 3286 | 90 | --- | --- | --- | 46 |
| Linnet et al., 2005 | 4,105 | Population | Europe | Medical record | Clinician | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | 36 |
| McCormick, Gortmaker, & Sobol, 1990 | 10,522 | Population | N. America | Questionnaire | Parent | Parent report | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| McGrath et al., 2005 | 184 | BW | N. America | Questionnaire | Parent | Medical record | 4 | 1742 | 50 | 88 | 12 | 32 | --- |
| Melchior et al., 2015 | 1,113 | Community | Europe | Questionnaire | Parent | Medical record | 5 | --- | 53 | --- | --- | --- | 21 |
| Mick et al., 2002 | 483 | ADHD | N. America | Interview | Parent | Parent report | 11.7 | --- | 53 | 96 | --- | --- | 14 |
| Minde, Webb, & Sykes, 1968 | 112 | ADHD | N. America | Medical record | Clinician | Medical record | 9.8 | 3250 | 89 | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Mitchell, Aman, Turbott, & Manku, 1987 | 97 | ADHD | Australia/NZ | --- | Multiple | Parent report | 8.9 | 3236 | 85 | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Momany et al., 2016 | 773 | ADHD | N. America | --- | Multiple | Parent report | 12.3 | 3398 | 56 | 74 | 16 | --- | 10 |
| Morales, Polizzi, Sulliotti, Mascolino, & Perricone, 2013 | 120 | BW | Europe | Questionnaire | Parent | Parent report | 5.2 | 2463 | 46 | --- | --- | 36 | --- |
| Murray et al., 2015 | 3,748 | Population | S. America | Questionnaire | Parent | Medical record | 4 | --- | 52 | --- | --- | --- | 27 |
| Nosarti, Allin, Frangou, Rifkin, & Murray, 2005 | 116 | BW | Europe | Questionnaire | Parent | Medical record | 15 | 2300 | 55 | --- | --- | 34 | --- |
| O’Callaghan & Harvey, 1997 | 87 | BW | Australia/NZ | --- | Multiple | Medical record | 10.7 | 860 | 31 | --- | --- | 27 | --- |
| Offord, Sullivan, Allen, & Abrams, 1979 | 63 | ADHD | N. America | Interview | Parent | --- | 12.5 | 3315 | 100 | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Parker, Collett, Speltz, & Werler, 2016 | 489 | Community | N. America | Questionnaire | Multiple | Parent report | 7 | 3429 | 49 | 75 | 24 | 39 | 16 |
| Perkinson-Gloor et al., 2015 | 105 | BW | Europe | Questionnaire | Parent | --- | 8.3 | 2235 | 66 | --- | --- | 34 | 7 |
| Razza et al., 2016 | 751 | Community | N. America | Questionnaire | Teacher | Medical record | 6 | --- | 48 | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Rice et al., 2010 | 779 | Community | --- | Questionnaire | Parent | --- | 6.7 | 3074 | --- | --- | --- | --- | 5 |
| Rickards, Kelly, Doyle, & Callanan, 2001 | 161 | BW | Australia/NZ | Questionnaire | Teacher | Medical record | 14 | 1740 | 56 | --- | --- | 32 | --- |
| Ross, Lipper, & Auld, 1992 | 168 | BW | N. America | Medical record | Clinician | --- | 7.5 | --- | 52 | 51 | 45 | --- | --- |
| Sasaluxnanon & Kaewpornsawan, 2005 | 241 | ADHD | Asia | --- | Multiple | Parent report | 8.8 | --- | 88 | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Sato et al., 2004 | 80 | BW | Asia | Medical record | Clinician | Medical record | 5 | 1812 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Schmitz et al., 2006 | 200 | ADHD | S. America | Interview | Parent | Parent report | 11.8 | 3305 | 68 | --- | --- | --- | 24 |
| Sciberras, Ukoumunne, & Efron, 2011 | 4,464 | Community | Australia/NZ | Questionnaire | Parent | Parent report | 6.8 | --- | 51 | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Scott et al., 2012 | 259 | BW | N. America | Interview | Parent | Parent report | 6 | 1917 | 46 | 40 | 60 | --- | --- |
| Sengupta et al., 2006 | 191 | ADHD | N. America | Medical record | Clinician | Parent report | 9 | --- | 87 | --- | --- | --- | 51 |
| Simonds & Aston, 1980 | 106 | BW | N. America | Interview | Parent | Medical record | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Smith et al., 2014 | 398 | ADHD | --- | Questionnaire | Parent | --- | 10.7 | 3389 | 83 | --- | --- | 40 | --- |
| St. Sauver et al., 2004 | 5,631 | Population | N. America | Medical record | Clinician | Medical record | --- | --- | 52 | 98 | --- | --- | --- |
| Strang-Karlsson et al., 2008 | 334 | BW | Europe | Questionnaire | --- | Medical record | 22.5 | 2396 | 41 | 100 | 0 | 35 | 18 |
| Sullivan, Msall, & Miller, 2012 | 180 | BW | N. America | Medical record | Clinician | Medical record | 17.1 | 1805 | 46 | --- | --- | 33 | --- |
| Sykes et al., 1997 | 260 | BW | Europe | Questionnaire | Teacher | Medical record | 7.4 | --- | 0 | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Sykes et al., 1997 | 182 | BW | Europe | Questionnaire | Teacher | Medical record | 7.4 | --- | 100 | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Szatmari, Saigal, Rosenbaum, & Campbell, 1993 | 274 | BW | N. America | --- | Multiple | Parent report | 8 | 2163 | 46 | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Taylor, Klein, Minich, & Hack, 2000 | 164 | BW | N. America | Medical record | Clinician | Medical record | 11.1 | --- | 32 | 55 | --- | --- | --- |
| Van den Bergh & Marcoen, 2004 | 72 | Community | Europe | --- | Multiple | Medical record | 8.5 | 3301 | 53 | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Van Hus, Potharst, Jeukens-Visser, Kok, & Van Wassenear-Leemhuis, 2014 | 165 | BW | Europe | --- | Multiple | Medical record | 5.2 | 2285 | 45 | --- | --- | 35 | --- |
| Wagner, Schmidt, Lemery-Chalfant, Leavitt, & Goldsmith, 2009 | 748 | Community | N. America | --- | Parent | Medical record | 8.1 | 2503 | 51 | --- | --- | 36 | --- |
| Wiles et al., 2006 | 5,333 | Community | Europe | Questionnaire | Parent | Medical record | 6.8 | 3470 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Williams, 2010 | 771 | BW | N. America | Questionnaire | Parent | Medical record | --- | 2292 | 48 | 72 | --- | --- | 29 |
| Yang, Chen, Yen, & Chen, 2015 | 61 | BW | Asia | Interview | Parent | Medical record | 13.4 | 1208 | 52 | --- | --- | 30 | --- |