Table 1.
Characteristics of 1,234 Mother-Child Pairs in Project Viva by Prenatal SSB Intakea
| Characteristics | Quartile of maternal first and second trimester SSB | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall n=1,234 | Q1 n=315 | Q2 n=301 | Q3 n=311 | Q4 n=307 | |
| Maternal characteristics, N (%) | |||||
| Nulliparous, % | |||||
| No | 646 (52.4) | 169 (53.7) | 161 (53.5) | 164 (52.7) | 152 (49.5) |
| Yes | 588 (47.6) | 146 (46.3) | 140 (46.5) | 147 (47.3) | 155 (50.5) |
| Smoking status, % | |||||
| Never | 854 (69.4) | 228 (72.6) | 216 (72.0) | 206 (66.2) | 204 (66.7) |
| Former | 253 (20.6) | 65 (20.7) | 66 (22.0) | 73 (23.5) | 49 (16.0) |
| During pregnancy | 124 (10.1) | 21 (6.7) | 18 (6.0) | 32 (10.3) | 53 (17.3) |
| College graduate, % | |||||
| No | 366 (29.7) | 58 (18.4) | 89 (29.6) | 83 (26.8) | 136 (44.3) |
| Yes | 867 (70.3) | 257 (81.6) | 212 (70.4) | 227 (73.2) | 171 (55.7) |
| Annual household income, % | |||||
| <$70,000 | 410 (35.5) | 82 (27.5) | 105 (36.2) | 100 (34.6) | 123 (44.2) |
| >$70,000 | 745 (64.5) | 216 (72.5) | 185 (63.8) | 189 (65.4) | 155 (55.8) |
| Age at enrollment, years, mean (SD) | 32.3 (5.1) | 34.0 (4.6) | 32.8 (4.9) | 31.9 (4.7) | 30.4 (5.5) |
| Pre-pregnancy BMI, kg/m2, mean (SD) | 24.4 (4.9) | 23.5 (4.1) | 24.1 (4.3) | 24.9 (5.5) | 25.0 (5.6) |
| Maternal first-second trimester intake, mean (SD) | |||||
| Sucrose, grams/day | 49.8 (12.9) | 43.3 (10.6) | 47.0 (10.1) | 50.4 (11.3) | 58.8 (13.8) |
| Fructose, grams/day | 32.7 (10.1) | 30.7 (10.7) | 31.1 (9.2) | 32.5 (8.7) | 36.7 (10.5) |
| SSB, servings/day | 0.6 (0.7) | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.2 (0.1) | 0.6 (0.1) | 1.7 (0.8) |
| Juice, servings/day | 1.3 (0.9) | 1.0 (0.8) | 1.3 (0.8) | 1.4 (0.9) | 1.6 (1.2) |
| Diet soda, servings/day | 0.2 (0.5) | 0.2 (0.4) | 0.2 (0.4) | 0.2 (0.6) | 0.2 (0.4) |
| Fruit, servings/day | 1.8 (1.1) | 2.1 (1.2) | 1.8 (0.9) | 1.5 (0.9) | 1.6 (1.2) |
| Fish intake, servings/week | 1.7 (1.3) | 1.8 (1.5) | 1.6 (1.2) | 1.6 (1.2) | 1.6 (1.3) |
| Child characteristics, N (%) | |||||
| Race/ethnicity, % | |||||
| Black | 158 (12.8) | 22 (7.0) | 34 (11.3) | 39 (12.5) | 63 (20.5) |
| Hispanic | 56 (4.5) | 11 (3.5) | 9 (3.0) | 15 (4.8) | 21 (6.8) |
| White | 843 (68.3) | 233 (74.0) | 212 (70.4) | 211 (67.8) | 187 (60.9) |
| Other | 177 (14.3) | 49 (15.6) | 46 (15.3) | 46 (14.8) | 36 (11.7) |
| Sex, % | |||||
| Male | 620 (50.2) | 154 (48.9) | 155 (51.5) | 147 (47.3) | 164 (53.4) |
| Female | 614 (49.8) | 161 (51.1) | 146 (48.5) | 164 (52.7) | 143 (46.6) |
| Gestation length, weeks, Mean (SD) | 39.7 (1.4) | 39.8 (1.3) | 39.7 (1.4) | 39.7 (1.5) | 39.5 (1.5) |
| Birth weight, grams, Mean (SD) | 3513 (508) | 3522 (472) | 3544 (488) | 3539 (522) | 3448 (542) |
| Birth weight for gestational age z-score, Mean (SD) | 0.20 (0.95) | 0.19 (0.91) | 0.24 (0.94) | 0.27 (0.95) | 0.09 (0.99) |
| Breastfeeding duration, months, Mean (SD) | 6.5 (4.5) | 7.5 (4.4) | 6.8 (4.5) | 6.4 (4.4) | 5.1 (4.5) |
| Exposures early childhood,a Mean (SD) | |||||
| Sucrose, grams/day | 30.1 (9.2) | 28.8 (9.2) | 30.6 (9.4) | 30.5 (9.1) | 30.6 (9.1) |
| Fructose, grams/day | 27.8 (11.5) | 27.9 (11.6) | 28.2 (11.5) | 26.8 (11.1) | 28.3 (11.9) |
| SSB, servings/day | 0.2 (0.5) | 0.1 (0.4) | 0.2 (0.3) | 0.3 (0.5) | 0.5 (0.8) |
| Juice, servings/day | 1.8 (1.4) | 1.6 (1.4) | 1.6 (1.3) | 1.7 (1.3) | 2.2 (1.7) |
| Diet soda, servings/day | 0.03 (0.14) | 0.02 (0.07) | 0.03 (0.10) | 0.03 (0.12) | 0.05 (0.23) |
| Fruit, servings/day | 2.5 (1.6) | 2.6 (1.7) | 2.5 (1.6) | 2.4 (1.5) | 2.4 (1.6) |
| Cognitive scores early childhood,b Mean, (SD) | |||||
| PPVT-III | 104.0 (14.2) | 105.8 (13.6) | 104.1 (14.2) | 104.2 (14.1) | 101.8 (14.7) |
| Total WRAVMA | 102.6 (11.2) | 103.7 (11.6) | 102.4 (10.8) | 102.6 (11.4) | 101.4 (10.8) |
| Cognitive scores mid-childhood,c Mean (SD) | |||||
| KBIT-II verbal | 112.7 (14.5) | 116.4 (13.3) | 112.4 (13.7) | 112.6 (14.1) | 108.8 (15.9) |
| KBIT-II non-verbal | 106.8 (16.6) | 110.8 (16.5) | 104.8 (17.0) | 107.1 (16.4) | 104.0 (15.7) |
| WRAVMA drawing | 92.2 (16.7) | 93.3 (17.9) | 90.3 (15.0) | 94.3 (16.5) | 90.5 (16.8) |
| WRAML visual memory | 17.0 (4.4) | 17.3 (4.4) | 16.9 (4.2) | 16.7 (4.3) | 17.0 (4.5) |
a
Prenatal SSB intake was calculated as the average of the first and second trimesters.
b
Early childhood dietary assessments and cognitive tests were administered median 3.3 years.
c
Mid-childhood cognitive tests were administered at median 7.7 years.
SSB, sugar-sweetened beverage; PPVT-III, Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test, third edition; WRAVMA, Wide Range Assessment of Visual Motor Abilities; KBIT-II, Kaufman Brief Intelligence Test, second edition; WRAML, Wide Range Assessment of Memory and Learning.