Table 2.

Associations of Maternal Sugar, Beverage, and Fruit Consumption With Child Cognition in Early and Mid-Childhood^a

Dietary exposure	N	β (95% CI)b	p-value	FDR
Sucrose, per 15 grams/day
PPVT-III, early childhood	1,114	−0.2 (−1.1, 0.8)	0.69	0.85
Total WRAVMA, early childhood	1,077	0.5 (−0.3, 1.3)	0.23	0.65
KBIT-II verbal, mid-childhood	965	−0.5 (−1.6, 0.5)	0.30	0.69
KBIT-II non-verbal, mid-childhood	974	−1.5 (−2.8, −0.2)	0.03	0.25
WRAVMA drawing, mid-childhood	967	−1.2 (−2.5, 0.2)	0.08	0.37
WRAML visual memory, mid-childhood	970	−0.5 (−0.8, −0.1)	0.01	0.18
Fructose, per 15 grams/day
PPVT-III, early childhood	1,114	−0.4 (−1.6, 0.8)	0.53	0.85
Total WRAVMA, early childhood	1,077	0.2 (−0.8, 1.2)	0.68	0.85
KBIT-II verbal, mid-childhood	965	−0.1 (−1.4, 1.1)	0.83	0.85
KBIT-II non-verbal, mid-childhood	974	−0.5 (−2.1, 1.2)	0.58	0.85
WRAVMA drawing, mid-childhood	967	−0.8 (−2.5, 0.9)	0.34	0.69
WRAML visual memory, mid-childhood	970	−0.3 (−0.7, 0.1)	0.18	0.60
Sugar-sweetened beverages, servings/day
PPVT-III, early childhood	1,114	−0.4 (−1.6, 0.7)	0.45	0.77
Total WRAVMA, early childhood	1,077	−0.5 (−1.5, 0.5)	0.34	0.69
KBIT-II verbal, mid-childhood	965	−1.2 (−2.4, 0.0)	0.06	0.34
KBIT-II non-verbal, mid-childhood	974	−1.7 (−3.2, −0.1)	0.03	0.25
WRAVMA drawing, mid-childhood	967	−1.0 (−2.6, 0.6)	0.23	0.65
WRAML visual memory, mid-childhood	970	−0.1 (−0.5, 0.3)	0.62	0.85
Juice, servings/day
PPVT-III, early childhood	1,114	0.4 (−0.5, 1.2)	0.42	0.76
Total WRAVMA, early childhood	1,077	−0.4 (−1.1, 0.4)	0.32	0.69
KBIT-II verbal, mid-childhood	965	−0.4 (−1.4, 0.5)	0.37	0.71
KBIT-II non-verbal, mid-childhood	974	−0.3 (−1.4, 0.9)	0.66	0.85
WRAVMA drawing, mid-childhood	967	−0.2 (−1.4, 1.0)	0.74	0.85
WRAML visual memory, mid-childhood	970	0.0 (−0.3, 0.3)	0.96	0.96
Diet soda, servings/day
PPVT-III, early childhood	1,114	−1.2 (−2.9, 0.5)	0.15	0.55
Total WRAVMA, early childhood	1,077	−1.5 (−2.9, −0.1)	0.03	0.25
KBIT-II verbal, mid-childhood	965	−3.2 (−5.0, −1.5)	0.0003	0.01
KBIT-II non-verbal, mid-childhood	974	−2.0 (−4.3, 0.2)	0.08	0.37
WRAVMA drawing, mid-childhood	967	−1.7 (−4.1, 0.6)	0.15	0.55
WRAML visual memory, mid-childhood	970	−0.1 (−0.7, 0.5)	0.73	0.85
Fruit, servings/day
PPVT-III, early childhood	1,114	−0.1 (−0.8, 0.7)	0.83	0.85
Total WRAVMA, early childhood	1,077	−0.1 (−0.7, 0.6)	0.82	0.85
KBIT-II verbal, mid-childhood	965	0.2 (−0.6, 1.0)	0.70	0.85
KBIT-II non-verbal, mid-childhood	974	−0.1 (−1.2, 0.9)	0.81	0.85
WRAVMA drawing, mid-childhood	967	−0.3 (−1.3, 0.8)	0.60	0.85
WRAML visual memory, mid-childhood	970	−0.1 (−0.4, 0.1)	0.30	0.69

Notes: Values are based on multivariable linear regression.

^aConsumption was calculated as the mean of the first and second trimester. Early childhood cognition was assessed at a median of 3.3 years and mid-childhood cognition was assessed at a median of 7.7 years.

^bAdjusted for maternal age, pre-pregnancy BMI, parity, college graduate, fish intake (average of first and second trimester), smoking during pregnancy, household income at enrollment >$70,000, and child sex and race/ethnicity.

FDR, False Discovery Rate adjusted p-value based on n=36 models; PPVT-III, Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test, third edition; WRAVMA, Wide Range Assessment of Visual Motor Abilities; KBIT-II, Kaufman Brief Intelligence Test, second edition; WRAML, Wide Range Assessment of Memory and Learning.