Table 3.
Odds ratios of low vocabulary at 48 months (n = 5,450 a ).
| Variable | Gender-specific 10% cutoffs |
Overall 10% cutoffs |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | |
| Late talker, 24 months | 4.27*** | 4.26*** | 3.47*** | 3.71*** | 3.72*** | 2.92*** |
| African American | 1.14 | 1.11 | 0.90 | 1.19 | 1.17 | 0.90 |
| Hispanic | 1.67** | 1.66** | 1.40 | 1.78*** | 1.76*** | 1.44* |
| Other race | 1.02 | 1.02 | 0.87 | 1.07 | 1.08 | 0.92 |
| Child age, 24 months | 0.92 | 0.92 | 0.90 | 0.85 | 0.85 | 0.83* |
| Male | 1.03 | 1.02 | 0.96 | 1.44* | 1.44* | 1.36* |
| Lowest SES quintile | 5.02*** | 5.16*** | 3.11*** | 4.73*** | 4.88*** | 3.14*** |
| Second-lowest SES quintile | 2.99*** | 3.08*** | 2.11** | 2.78*** | 2.88*** | 2.10** |
| Middle SES quintile, 24 months | 1.85** | 1.91** | 1.46 | 1.79** | 1.88** | 1.49 |
| Second-highest SES quintile | 1.48 | 1.52 | 1.37 | 1.37 | 1.41 | 1.27 |
| Male × child age, 24 months | 0.86 | 0.86 | 0.91 | 0.95 | 0.95 | 1.00 |
| Nonsingleton | 0.94 | 0.85 | 0.84 | 0.68** | ||
| Mother's age > 35 years at child's birth | 1.37 | 1.43 | 1.43 | 1.48* | ||
| Mother's age ≤ 18 years at child's birth | 1.05 | 1.04 | 1.17 | 1.22 | ||
| Mother not married, 24 months | 1.08 | 1.05 | 1.05 | 1.06 | ||
| Labor complications | 0.84 | 0.90 | ||||
| Obstetric procedures | 1.03 | 1.08 | ||||
| Medical risk factors in pregnancy | 1.15 | 1.18 | ||||
| Behavioral risk factors in pregnancy | 0.87 | 0.76 | ||||
| Moderately low birth weight | 1.19 | 1.47* | ||||
| Family member with mental illness | 0.93 | 1.09 | ||||
| Family member with learning disability | 0.88 | 0.87 | ||||
| Household has person with special needs | 0.92 | 1.19 | ||||
| Maternal health problems, 9 months | 1.05 | 1.02 | ||||
| Mother depressed, 9 months | 1.17 | 1.09 | ||||
| Mother isolated, 9 months | 1.05 | 0.93 | ||||
| Parenting score, 24 months | 0.74*** | 0.74*** | ||||
| Child in child care center (not Head Start) > 10 hr/week, 48 months | 0.44*** | 0.46*** | ||||
| Child in Head Start > 10 hr/week, 48 months | 0.51*** | 0.52*** | ||||
| Approaches to learning problems, 24 months | 1.91*** | 2.03*** | ||||
| Internalizing problems, 24 months | 1.23 | 1.55* | ||||
| Externalizing problems, 24 months | 1.44 | 1.10 | ||||
| Max-rescaled R 2 | 0.12 | 0.13 | 0.19 | 0.11 | 0.12 | 0.18 |
| Tjur's R 2 | 0.07 | 0.07 | 0.12 | 0.07 | 0.07 | 0.12 |
Note. Child age and parenting scores are standardized with a mean of 0 and an SD of 1. SES = socioeconomic status.
a
Sample size is rounded to the nearest 50 per Early Childhood Longitudinal Study, Birth Cohort confidentiality requirements.
*
p < .05.
**
p < .01.
***
p < .001. Weighted regressions.