Table 4.
Odds ratios of low reading performance at 60 months (n = 4,200 a ).
| Variable | Gender-specific 10% cutoffs |
Overall 10% cutoffs |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | |
| Late talker, 24 months | 1.61 | 1.61 | 1.62 | 1.78* | 1.74* | 1.72* |
| Low receptive vocabulary, 48 months | 4.03*** | 3.99*** | 3.26*** | 4.59*** | 4.49*** | 3.65*** |
| Late talker, 24 months × low vocabulary, 48 months | 0.50 | 0.51 | 0.61 | 0.52 | 0.54 | 0.65 |
| African American | 1.01 | 1.02 | 1.04 | 1.05 | 1.11 | 1.17 |
| Hispanic | 1.14 | 1.13 | 1.03 | 0.99 | 0.99 | 0.90 |
| Other race | 1.56 | 1.57 | 1.53 | 1.68 | 1.72 | 1.75 |
| Child age | 0.63*** | 0.63*** | 0.61*** | 0.56*** | 0.56*** | 0.55*** |
| Male | 1.09 | 1.09 | 1.05 | 1.53*** | 1.53** | 1.51** |
| Lowest SES quintile | 7.20*** | 7.36*** | 4.80*** | 7.64*** | 8.24*** | 5.18*** |
| Second-lowest SES quintile | 4.28*** | 4.38*** | 3.02** | 4.37*** | 4.67*** | 3.08** |
| Middle SES quintile | 3.16*** | 3.23*** | 2.65** | 3.02*** | 3.21*** | 2.61** |
| Second-highest SES quintile | 1.85 | 1.88 | 1.64 | 1.89 | 1.96 | 1.71 |
| Male × child age, 24 months | 1.20 | 1.20 | 1.25 | 1.41* | 1.41* | 1.44* |
| Nonsingleton | 1.40* | 1.50* | 1.43* | 1.59* | ||
| Mother's age > 35 years at child's birth | 1.14 | 1.25 | 1.30 | 1.43 | ||
| Mother's age ≤ 18 years at child's birth | 1.19 | 1.30 | 1.34 | 1.56 | ||
| Mother not married, 24 months | 0.96 | 1.06 | 0.88 | 0.97 | ||
| Labor complications | 0.78 | 0.92 | ||||
| Obstetric procedures | 1.12 | 1.10 | ||||
| Medical risk factors in pregnancy | 1.01 | 1.15 | ||||
| Behavioral risk factors in pregnancy | 1.04 | 1.05 | ||||
| Moderately low birth weight | 0.95 | 0.84 | ||||
| Family member with mental illness | 0.68 | 0.62 | ||||
| Family member with learning disability | 1.61** | 1.78*** | ||||
| Household has person with special needs | 1.11 | 1.18 | ||||
| Maternal health problems, 9 months | 1.02 | 1.26 | ||||
| Mother depressed, 9 months | 1.45 | 1.14 | ||||
| Mother isolated, 9 months | 0.77 | 0.80 | ||||
| Parenting score, 24 months | 0.95 | 0.92 | ||||
| Child in child care center (not Head Start) > 10 hr/week, 48 months | 0.34*** | 0.34*** | ||||
| Child in Head Start > 10 hr/week, 48 months | 0.39*** | 0.40*** | ||||
| Approaches to learning problems, 24 months | 1.52 | 1.06 | ||||
| Internalizing problems, 24 months | 1 00 | 1.18 | ||||
| Externalizing problems, 24 months | 0.78 | 0.86 | ||||
| Max-rescaled R 2 | 0.18 | 0.18 | 0.21 | 0.20 | 0.20 | 0.23 |
| Tjur's R 2 | 0.13 | 0.13 | 0.15 | 0.14 | 0.15 | 0.17 |
Note. Child age and parenting scores are standardized with a mean of 0 and an SD of 1. SES = socioeconomic status.
a
Sample size is rounded to the nearest 50 per Early Childhood Longitudinal Study, Birth Cohort confidentiality requirements.
*
p < .05.
**
p < .01.
***
p < .001. Weighted regressions.