. 2017 Mar;60(3):607–626. doi: 10.1044/2016_JSLHR-L-15-0417

Table 5.

Odds ratios of low math performance at 60 months (n = 4,200 ^a ).

Variable	Gender-specific 10% cutoffs			Overall 10% cutoffs
Variable	Model 1	Model 2	Model 3	Model 1	Model 2	Model 3
Late talker, 24 months	2.20^**	2.17^*	1.94^*	2.06^*	2.01^*	1.80
Low receptive vocabulary, 48 months	3.51^***	3.59^***	2.62^***	3.39^***	4.48^***	3.42^***
Late talker, 24 months × low vocabulary, 48 months	0.99	0.97	1.15	0.91	0.89	0.97
African American	1.52^*	1.53^*	1.49	1.66^*	1.75^**	1.67^*
Hispanic	0.91	0.94	0.79	1.03	1.07	0.92
Other race	1.12	1.12	0.94	1.31	1.33	1.18
Child age	0.62^***	0.62^***	0.60^***	0.62^***	0.62^***	0.60^***
Male	1.11	1.12	1.03	1.32	1.33	1.20
Lowest SES quintile	14.87^***	16.33^***	8.86^***	11.91^***	12.70^***	7.89^***
Second-lowest SES quintile	7.74^***	8.18^***	5.15^***	6.90^***	7.18^***	5.05^***
Middle SES quintile	6.14^***	6.34^***	4.87^***	4.91^***	4.94^***	4.08^***
Second-highest SES quintile	2.96^**	3.03^**	2.66^*	2.36^*	2.37^*	2.14
Male × child age, 24 months	1.23	1.22	1.27	1.29	1.29	1.32
Nonsingleton		1.33	1.33		1.39	1.40
Mother's age > 35 years at child's birth		1.13	1.18		0.84	0.86
Mother's age ≤ 18 years at child's birth		0.74	0.81		0.84	0.97
Mother not married, 24 months		0.99	1.02		0.88	0.92
Labor complications			0.88			0.94
Obstetric procedures			1.10			1.04
Medical risk factors in pregnancy			1.09			1.10
Behavioral risk factors in pregnancy			0.92			0.83
Moderately low birth weight			1.05			1.09
Family member with mental illness			0.66			0.62^*
Family member with learning disability			1.65^*			1.80^**
Household has person with special needs			1.42			1.17
Maternal health problems, 9 months			1.15			1.17
Mother depressed, 9 months			1.08			0.91
Mother isolated, 9 months			1.17			1.07
Parenting score, 24 months			0.80^*			0.76^*
Child in child care center (not Head Start) > 10 hr/week, 48 months			0.41^***			0.46^***
Child in Head Start > 10 hr/week, 48 months			0.44^***			0.40^***
Approaches to learning problems, 24 months			1.60			1.47
Internalizing problems, 24 months			0.96			0.91
Externalizing problems, 24 months			1.43			1.53
Max-rescaled R ²	0.25	0.25	0.29	0.25	0.26	0.29
Tjur's R ²	0.16	0.16	0.20	0.17	0.17	0.20

Note. Child age and parenting scores are standardized with a mean of 0 and an SD of 1. SES = socioeconomic status.

Sample size is rounded to the nearest 50 per Early Childhood Longitudinal Study, Birth Cohort confidentiality requirements.

p < .05.

^**

p < .01.

^***

p < .001. Weighted regressions.