Table 6.
Odds ratios of teacher-reported behavior problems at 60 months (n = 3,000 a ) using gender-specific cutoffs.
Variable | Approaches to learning problems |
Internalizing problems |
Externalizing problems |
|||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 1 | Model 2 | |
Late talker, 24 months | 2.51** | 2.19** | 1.51 | 1.40 | 1.72* | 1.78* |
Low receptive vocabulary, 48 months | 1.45 | 1.46 | 2.98*** | 2.86*** | 1.89* | 2.05** |
Late talker, 24 months × low vocabulary, 48 months | 0.79 | 0.64 | 0.97 | 1.03 | 0.63 | 0.54 |
African American | 1.25 | 0.88 | 0.59 | 0.57 | 1.62* | 1.35 |
Hispanic | 1.38 | 1.30 | 0.91 | 0.80 | 0.84 | 0.83 |
Other race | 1.23 | 0.98 | 0.51 | 0.49 | 1.36 | 1.12 |
Child age | 1.06 | 1.03 | 1.26 | 1.25 | 1.02 | 1.05 |
Male | 0.96 | 0.91 | 1.10 | 1.09 | 1.06 | 1.05 |
Lowest SES quintile | 3.67*** | 1.62 | 1.51 | 1.41 | 2.91*** | 1.59 |
Second-lowest SES quintile | 3.10** | 1.78 | 1.11 | 1.00 | 1.96* | 1.31 |
Middle SES quintile | 2.84** | 1.95 | 1.49 | 1.41 | 1.81* | 1.34 |
Second-highest SES quintile | 1.54 | 1.27 | 1.10 | 1.11 | 1.10 | 0.93 |
Male × child age, 24 months | 1.27 | 1.28 | 1.04 | 1.07 | 1.02 | 0.97 |
Nonsingleton | 0.88 | 1.21 | 0.83 | |||
Mother's age > 35 years at child's birth | 0.70 | 0.67 | 0.63 | |||
Mother's age ≤ 18 years at child's birth | 0.60 | 1.07 | 0.86 | |||
Mother not married, 24 months | 1.21 | 0.77 | 1.66* | |||
Labor complications | 1.10 | 1.33 | 1.25 | |||
Obstetric procedures | 0.94 | 0.65 | 0.96 | |||
Medical risk factors in pregnancy | 1.43 | 1.73* | 1.59* | |||
Behavioral risk factors in pregnancy | 1.58 | 0.85 | 1.36 | |||
Moderately low birth weight | 1.30 | 0.77 | 0.99 | |||
Family member with mental illness | 1.28 | 1.16 | 1.18 | |||
Family member with learning disability | 1.11 | 0.78 | 1.32 | |||
Household has person with special needs | 1.18 | 0.88 | 1.42 | |||
Maternal health problems, 9 months | 1.27 | 1.64 | 0.98 | |||
Mother depressed, 9 months | 0.94 | 0.43 | 0.96 | |||
Mother isolated, 9 months | 1.06 | 0.90 | 0.96 | |||
Parenting score, 24 months | 0.64*** | 0.86 | 0.90 | |||
Child in child care center (not Head Start) > 10 hr/week, 48 months | 1.37 | 0.64 | 1.34 | |||
Child in Head Start > 10 hr/week, 48 months | 1.67* | 0.89 | 1.19 | |||
Approaches to learning problems, 24 months | 1.37 | 0.78 | 1.12 | |||
Internalizing problems, 24 months | 0.75 | 1.72 | 0.39** | |||
Externalizing problems, 24 months | 1.30 | 0.92 | 1.71 | |||
Max-rescaled R 2 | 0.07 | 0.11 | 0.03 | 0.05 | 0.07 | 0.10 |
Tjur's R 2 | 0.03 | 0.06 | 0.02 | 0.03 | 0.04 | 0.06 |
Note. Child age and parenting scores are standardized with a mean of 0 and an SD of 1. SES = socioeconomic status.
Sample size is rounded to the nearest 50 per Early Childhood Longitudinal Study, Birth Cohort confidentiality requirements.
p < .05.
p < .01.
p < .001. Weighted regressions.