Table 2.
Subgroup descriptive statistics for screening and diagnostic measures and parent report.
| Measure | TD |
LI-only |
DYS-only |
LI+DYS |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| (n = 216) | (n = 62) | (n = 30) | (n = 73) | |
| TOSWRF SS mean (SD) | 105.62a | 95.66b | 88.23c | 85.56c |
| (11.66) | (12.14) | (7.77) | (10.65) | |
| GRADE LC stanine mean (SD) | 5.24a | 3.58b | 4.93a | 3.78b |
| (2.02) | (1.96) | (2.12) | (2.10) | |
| CELF-4 Core Language SS mean (SD) | 102.47a | 78.13b | 94.80c | 73.04d |
| (9.55) | (6.59) | (6.96) | (8.87) | |
| WRMT-III Basic Skills SS mean (SD) | 104.63a | 94.37b | 80.23c | 74.47d |
| (11.14) | (7.73) | (3.32) | (7.38) | |
| TONI-4 SS a mean (SD) | 106.78a | 100.42b | 99.86b | 95.09c |
| (8.92) | (9.49) | (8.46) | (8.77) | |
| Parent concern about reading or language skills | 7.4%a | 24.2%b | 46.7%c | 37.0%b,c |
| Parent-reported child history of speech, language, or reading service | 6.9%a | 14.5%a,b | 20.0%b,c | 38.4%c |
| Combined parent concern and/or history of service | 13.9%a | 29.0%b | 60.0%c | 56.2%c |
Note. Groups that share subscripts (a–d) are not significantly different from each other, p > .05. All other comparisons are significantly different, p < .05. TD = typical development; LI-only = language impairment without dyslexia; DYS-only = dyslexia without language impairment; LI+DYS = both language impairment and dyslexia; TOSWRF = Test of Silent Word Reading Fluency; SS = standard score; GRADE LC = Group Reading Assessment and Diagnostic Evaluation Listening Comprehension subtest; CELF-4 = Clinical Evaluation of Language Fundamentals–Fourth Edition; WRMT-III = Woodcock Reading Mastery Tests–Third Edition; TONI-4 = Test of Nonverbal Intelligence–Fourth Edition.
The sample size for the TONI-4 was smaller than other assessments (TD n = 182, LI-only n = 60, DYS-only n = 28, LI+DYS n = 71).