Figure 5.

Illustration of how the duration of deviant voice quality segments were acoustically measured. In this example, two periods of glottal fry (GF) were clearly audible and visible in the waveform and spectrogram. Beginning and end points of deviant voice quality segments were marked in Praat as shown on the voiceBreaks tier. After all deviant voice segments were marked in an utterance, a custom Praat script was used to sum up the total duration of deviant voice quality segments and divide by the total speech duration to yield a proportion of each utterance containing deviant voice quality.