Table 1.
General characteristics of the study population
| Waist circumference (inches) | Triglycerides (mg/dL) | HDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | Blood pressure (mmHg) | Fasting glucose (mg/dL) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | % | Mean ± SD | p-value | Mean ± SD | p-value | Mean ± SD | p-value | Mean ± SD | p-value | Mean ± SD | p-value | ||||||
| Total | 1423 | 100.0 | 31.9 | 4.0 | 133.0 | 120.5 | 52.0 | 12.8 | 114.2 | 15.1 | 95.0 | 16.6 | |||||
| Free thyroxine hormone (ng/dL) | 0.0388 | 0.0020 | 0.1873 | 0.9267 | <.0001 | ||||||||||||
| Low (< 0.80) | 15 | 1.1 | 32.8 | 2.4 | 162.7 | 74.4 | 51.8 | 13.4 | 116.3 | 12.5 | 97.1 | 14.4 | |||||
| Normal (low tertile) (< 1.17) | 424 | 29.8 | 32.1 | 4.1 | 141.3 | 131.9 | 51.8 | 13.1 | 114.6 | 16.0 | 95.9 | 16.8 | |||||
| Normal (mid tertile) (< 1.31) | 488 | 34.3 | 31.8 | 3.9 | 133.9 | 118.3 | 52.1 | 12.2 | 113.9 | 15.6 | 93.8 | 12.2 | |||||
| Normal (high tertile) (< 1.70) | 472 | 33.2 | 31.9 | 4.2 | 125.2 | 114.9 | 52.2 | 13.2 | 113.9 | 13.9 | 94.5 | 17.5 | |||||
| High (1.70≤) | 24 | 1.7 | 31.8 | 4.1 | 102.1 | 53.0 | 48.2 | 7.2 | 116.6 | 11.8 | 109.4 | 45.2 | |||||
| Thyroid stimulating hormone (uIU/mL) | 0.2965 | 0.9867 | 0.1489 | 0.6965 | 0.1958 | ||||||||||||
| Low (< 0.50) | 30 | 2.1 | 30.8 | 2.9 | 108.4 | 66.1 | 55.9 | 14.5 | 116.3 | 14.2 | 94.9 | 10.9 | |||||
| Normal (low tertile) (< 1.80) | 476 | 33.5 | 32.1 | 4.1 | 136.6 | 144.8 | 51.3 | 13.1 | 114.3 | 14.9 | 96.2 | 19.4 | |||||
| Normal (mid tertile) (< 2.87) | 468 | 32.9 | 32.1 | 4.0 | 131.7 | 111.9 | 52.1 | 12.5 | 113.6 | 14.8 | 94.6 | 13.4 | |||||
| Normal (high tertile) (< 5.00) | 334 | 23.5 | 31.6 | 4.1 | 132.0 | 104.4 | 52.5 | 12.7 | 114.7 | 16.0 | 94.8 | 18.4 | |||||
| High (5.00≤) | 115 | 8.1 | 31.7 | 4.0 | 132.9 | 96.0 | 51.6 | 12.3 | 114.0 | 14.7 | 92.1 | 10.8 | |||||
| Thyroid peroxidase antibody (IU/mL) | 0.5217 | 0.5189 | 0.4016 | 0.0369 | 0.9543 | ||||||||||||
| Normal (< 34) | 1324 | 93.0 | 31.9 | 4.1 | 132.2 | 120.2 | 52.0 | 12.8 | 114.0 | 15.1 | 95.1 | 17.0 | |||||
| High (under low FT4) (34≤) | 56 | 3.9 | 31.7 | 4.0 | 155.3 | 149.2 | 50.6 | 12.5 | 114.4 | 13.1 | 92.6 | 10.1 | |||||
| High (under high FT4) (34≤) | 43 | 3.0 | 31.5 | 3.1 | 127.9 | 79.6 | 51.5 | 13.7 | 119.4 | 16.6 | 94.0 | 10.6 | |||||
| Thyroid peroxidase antibody (IU/mL) | 0.9967 | 0.3755 | 0.5473 | 0.0827 | 0.5928 | ||||||||||||
| Normal (< 34) | 1324 | 93.0 | 31.9 | 4.1 | 132.2 | 120.2 | 52.0 | 12.8 | 114.0 | 15.1 | 95.1 | 17.0 | |||||
| High (under low TSH) (34≤) | 39 | 2.7 | 31.5 | 4.2 | 124.8 | 69.9 | 50.5 | 12.5 | 114.8 | 14.3 | 93.7 | 12.0 | |||||
| High (under high TSH) (34≤) | 60 | 4.2 | 31.6 | 3.3 | 155.5 | 148.5 | 51.3 | 13.4 | 117.7 | 15.2 | 93.0 | 9.1 | |||||
| Age | 0.4481 | 0.0347 | 0.0217 | <.0001 | 0.0746 | ||||||||||||
| 19–44 | 870 | 61.1 | 31.5 | 4.3 | 125.1 | 119.9 | 53.5 | 12.7 | 109.9 | 12.2 | 92.9 | 16.7 | |||||
| 45–64 | 471 | 33.1 | 32.6 | 3.4 | 149.0 | 126.9 | 50.0 | 13.0 | 119.9 | 16.6 | 98.1 | 15.4 | |||||
| 64< | 82 | 5.8 | 32.9 | 3.4 | 125.4 | 69.6 | 47.5 | 9.8 | 126.1 | 16.8 | 98.3 | 19.3 | |||||
| Gender | <.0001 | <.0001 | <.0001 | <.0001 | <.0001 | ||||||||||||
| Male | 683 | 48.0 | 33.7 | 3.8 | 166.2 | 151.9 | 47.7 | 11.1 | 118.4 | 14.2 | 98.0 | 20.1 | |||||
| Female | 740 | 52.0 | 30.3 | 3.6 | 102.4 | 68.3 | 55.9 | 13.0 | 110.3 | 14.9 | 92.2 | 12.0 | |||||
| Education level | 0.7844 | 0.5789 | 0.0002 | 0.0034 | 0.9794 | ||||||||||||
| Elementary school or less | 119 | 8.4 | 32.8 | 3.1 | 150.5 | 114.0 | 46.3 | 11.0 | 124.4 | 15.0 | 97.6 | 12.0 | |||||
| Middle school | 108 | 7.6 | 32.6 | 4.2 | 148.5 | 105.8 | 50.6 | 11.6 | 120.8 | 15.9 | 97.4 | 15.2 | |||||
| High school | 574 | 40.3 | 31.9 | 4.0 | 132.5 | 126.4 | 53.0 | 13.2 | 114.5 | 15.4 | 94.9 | 16.3 | |||||
| College or over | 622 | 43.7 | 31.6 | 4.2 | 127.4 | 118.2 | 52.3 | 12.7 | 110.8 | 13.3 | 94.1 | 17.8 | |||||
| Marital status | <.0001 | 0.5017 | 0.0569 | 0.2066 | <.0001 | ||||||||||||
| Married-cohabit | 813 | 57.1 | 32.3 | 3.7 | 136.4 | 110.3 | 51.3 | 12.4 | 116.0 | 16.3 | 96.7 | 17.9 | |||||
| Married-no co habit or bereaved or divorced | 130 | 9.1 | 32.5 | 3.8 | 147.0 | 121.8 | 50.0 | 13.5 | 118.0 | 15.5 | 98.8 | 18.4 | |||||
| Unmarried | 480 | 33.7 | 31.1 | 4.5 | 123.5 | 135.2 | 53.8 | 12.9 | 110.1 | 11.5 | 91.0 | 12.8 | |||||
| Household income level | 0.0328 | 0.6671 | 0.1671 | 0.0484 | 0.4857 | ||||||||||||
| Quartile 1 (lowest) | 346 | 24.3 | 32.5 | 4.3 | 137.7 | 125.9 | 51.3 | 13.0 | 116.5 | 16.3 | 95.2 | 15.3 | |||||
| Quartile 2 | 336 | 23.6 | 31.8 | 3.8 | 124.2 | 100.7 | 52.5 | 13.2 | 113.5 | 14.2 | 94.8 | 18.1 | |||||
| Quartile 3 | 386 | 27.1 | 31.9 | 3.8 | 137.2 | 115.6 | 51.0 | 12.4 | 113.9 | 14.5 | 94.3 | 11.8 | |||||
| Quartile 4 (highest) | 355 | 24.9 | 31.5 | 4.1 | 132.2 | 136.4 | 53.1 | 12.6 | 112.7 | 15.1 | 95.6 | 20.5 | |||||
| Region | 0.0163 | 0.0112 | 0.3290 | 0.6709 | 0.7321 | ||||||||||||
| Urban area | 1043 | 73.3 | 31.7 | 3.9 | 127.4 | 113.4 | 52.3 | 12.6 | 113.6 | 15.1 | 94.6 | 16.4 | |||||
| Rural area | 380 | 26.7 | 32.5 | 4.3 | 148.5 | 137.1 | 51.1 | 13.2 | 115.9 | 14.9 | 96.0 | 17.2 | |||||
| Occupation | 0.1036 | 0.7295 | <.0001 | 0.5925 | 0.1260 | ||||||||||||
| White color | 445 | 31.3 | 31.9 | 4.1 | 132.0 | 117.5 | 51.7 | 13.2 | 111.4 | 13.5 | 94.9 | 19.3 | |||||
| Pink color | 209 | 14.7 | 32.0 | 3.9 | 126.2 | 95.8 | 52.9 | 12.5 | 114.1 | 14.1 | 94.6 | 13.6 | |||||
| Blue color | 315 | 22.1 | 33.0 | 3.6 | 157.2 | 147.9 | 51.4 | 13.3 | 120.1 | 15.9 | 98.6 | 17.6 | |||||
| Unemployed or else | 454 | 31.9 | 31.2 | 4.2 | 120.3 | 109.8 | 52.2 | 12.1 | 112.9 | 15.4 | 92.7 | 13.8 | |||||
| Alcohol consumption | 0.0108 | 0.3359 | 0.2579 | 0.8845 | 0.4812 | ||||||||||||
| Ever | 85 | 6.0 | 32.1 | 3.7 | 123.2 | 95.3 | 51.5 | 13.9 | 116.0 | 17.3 | 95.5 | 11.2 | |||||
| Never | 1338 | 94.0 | 31.9 | 4.1 | 133.6 | 121.9 | 52.0 | 12.7 | 114.1 | 14.9 | 94.9 | 16.9 | |||||
| Smoking | 0.0062 | 0.0025 | 0.5679 | 0.6979 | 0.3499 | ||||||||||||
| Ever | 603 | 42.4 | 33.5 | 4.1 | 167.2 | 146.6 | 48.8 | 12.8 | 117.5 | 15.0 | 97.2 | 16.3 | |||||
| Never | 820 | 57.6 | 30.8 | 3.6 | 107.9 | 88.9 | 54.2 | 12.3 | 111.7 | 14.7 | 93.3 | 16.7 | |||||
| Walking activity | 0.8915 | 0.3812 | 0.4642 | 0.0845 | 0.1128 | ||||||||||||
| Active | 581 | 40.8 | 31.8 | 3.9 | 127.3 | 121.2 | 52.5 | 12.7 | 112.7 | 14.3 | 93.5 | 13.8 | |||||
| Inactive | 842 | 59.2 | 32.0 | 4.1 | 137.0 | 119.8 | 51.6 | 12.8 | 115.2 | 15.5 | 96.0 | 18.3 | |||||
| Stress level | 0.1867 | 0.0485 | 0.0567 | 0.1300 | 0.5092 | ||||||||||||
| High | 451 | 31.7 | 31.9 | 4.4 | 141.3 | 145.7 | 51.9 | 12.6 | 112.6 | 14.0 | 95.0 | 18.7 | |||||
| Middle | 800 | 56.2 | 31.8 | 3.9 | 128.1 | 101.0 | 52.0 | 12.9 | 114.0 | 15.1 | 94.7 | 14.9 | |||||
| Low | 172 | 12.1 | 32.6 | 3.7 | 134.0 | 129.7 | 52.1 | 12.9 | 119.1 | 16.9 | 96.2 | 18.5 | |||||