FIG. 2.

Elevated growth, migration, and invasion aggressiveness in prostate cancer cells withstanding an ALA/light challenge: iNOS/NO-dependency. Prostate carcinoma PC3 cells in serum-free medium were sensitized with PpIX by incubating with 1-mM ALA for 30 min in the dark. After irradiation (~ 1 J/cm²) in the absence versus the presence of 25 µM 1400W (W) or cPTIO (cP), as indicated, any detached (dead) cells were removed by washing, after which live cells were overlaid with 10% serum-containing medium and incubated for various times prior to different analyses. (A) Western blot of iNOS at different post-hν times out to 20 h; numbers below bands represent iNOS/β-actin ratios normalized to a 24-h dark control (DC). (B) Post-photostress cell viability (0–24 h) and surviving cell proliferation (24–72 h), as determined by MTT assay; means ± SE, n = 3. (C) Surviving cell migration over 24 h and 48 h of post-hν incubation; also represented are nonirradiated cells treated with 10-µM DETA/NO; means ± SD (n = 6). (D) Surviving cell invasiveness over a 48-h post-hν period, corrected for nonviable cells under each condition; means ± SE (n = 3); *P < 0.001 versus ALA; **P < 0.05 versus ALA/hν (reprinted with permission from Elsevier, Copyright 2015).⁴⁴