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Model of pleural injury. (A) A pleural injury in the left lung was produced with a 25 g needle inserted 1–2 mm into the lung parenchyma. Blood and a bubbling air leak were immediately noted. (B) Scanning electron microscopy of a double puncture of the lung demonstrated the associated pleural injury. Note the absence of a subpleural extracellular matrix to support wound healing. Color images available online at www.liebertpub.com/tea
