Table 1.

Demographic and Baseline Clinical Characteristics (n = 48)

		PA Group		Education Group		Combined
Variable	Range	Mean (SD)	n (%)	Mean (SD)	n (%)	Mean (SD)	n (%)
Adolescent age (years)	13–17	15.0 (1.3)	—	14.4 (1.2)	—	14.7 (1.3)	—
Duration of diabetes (years)	1–14	6.08 (3.4)	—	5.58 (3.35)	—	5.83 (3.4)	—
Baseline A1c (%)	7.5–11.5	8.57 (0.9)	—	9.00 (1.1)	—	8.8 (0.99)	—
Baseline BGM	—	3.45 (1.4)	—	2.96 (1.5)	—	3.21 (1.44)	—
Baseline P-SCI	—	3.59 (0.7)	—	3.57 (0.7)	—	3.58 (0.69)	—
Baseline C-SCI	—	3.53 (0.8)	—	3.56 (0.7)	—	3.55 (0.74)	—
Sex
Male	—	—	10 (41.7)	—	13 (54.2)	—	23 (47.9)
Female	—	—	14 (58.3)	—	11 (45.8)	—	25 (52.1)
Race/Ethnicity
White, Non-Hispanic	—	—	21 (87.5)	—	18 (75)	—	39 (81.2)
Other	—	—	3 (12.5)	—	6 (25)	—	9 (18.8)
Annual income (USD)
<39,000	—	—	3 (12.5)	—	7 (29.2)	—	10 (20.8)
40,000–79,000	—	—	10 (41.7)	—	8 (33.3)	—	18 (37.5)
>80,000	—	—	11 (45.8)	—	9 (37.5)	—	20 (41.7)
Treatment type
Injection	—	—	9 (37.5)	—	9 (37.5)	—	18 (37.5)
Insulin pump	—	—	15 (62.5)	—	15 (62.5)	—	30 (62.5)

BGM, blood glucose monitoring; PA, positive affect; SCI, self care inventory.