FIG. 3.

Vitreous concentrations of ketorolac following dosing during lens replacement surgery in dogs and comparison with concentrations achieved by topical dosing. This figure shows ketorolac concentrations in the vitreous after dosing with 0.008% phenylephrine and 0.00024% ketorolac in irrigation solution during lens replacement surgery in dogs. Topical dosing 4 times with 0.4% ketorolac 3 days before vitrectomies did not achieve concentrations in the vitreous to significantly inhibit COX-1 or COX-2,¹⁹ suggesting that beneficial effects of ketorolac in patients in preventing cystoid macular edema are likely due to its effects in the anterior segment. These findings in this study were also extended to other NSAIDs, including bromfenac and nepafenac (amfenac). None of these drugs achieved inhibition exceeding 50% of PGE₂ concentrations in the published studies¹⁹ (results not shown). NSAIDs, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.