Table 2.

Application of Antioxidants in Human Subjects of Glaucoma

Antioxidants	Administration and patient number	Effects in human subjects	Start and end time	Reference
CoQ10+Vitamin E	Eye drop	Increased integrity of the visual pathways by visual-evoked potential and RGC's visual function by the pattern electroretinogram in OAG patients.	January 2010 to April 2011	Parisi et al.104
	43 OAG patients (22 treated patients, 21 control)
GBE	Oral	Beneficial to the ocular blood flow.	January 2003 to December 2004	Park et al.105
	30 NTG patients (15 GBE, 15 placebo)
	27 NTG patients (14 GBE treatment followed with placebo, 13 placebo followed with GBE)	Improved visual field test and contrast sensitivity in both groups treated with GBE.	September to December 1999	Quaranta et al.106
	35 NTG patients (17 treated, 18 placebo treated)103	No protective or beneficial effects detected for visual field test and contrast sensitivity.	June 2010 to December 2011	Guo et al.107
ICAPS R® (Alcon)	Oral antioxidant supplements.	No significant effects identified in visual field test, peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer, and macular ganglion cell complex.	June 2007 to December 2011	Garcia-Medina et al.108
			2-year follow-up for patients
OFTAN MACULA® (Laboratorios Esteve)	117 POAG patients:
	26 with ICAPS R
	28 with OFTAN MACULA
	63 control
Resveratrol and flavonoids	Oral	A comprehensive summary of flavonoids in human patients:	The information was extracted publication from 1980 to present.	Milea and Aung,109 Patel et al.110
	214 patients from 6 studies	Restore visual field of human subjects, but no effect on lowering IOP.

GBE, Ginkgo biloba extract; NTG, normal-tension glaucoma; OAG, open-angle glaucoma; POAG, primary open-angle glaucoma.