Table 3. Ecological traits of selected urban carnivores.

	Red fox(Vulpes vulpes)	Coyote(Canis latrans)	Kit fox(Vulpes macrotis)	European badger(Meles meles)	Stone marten(Martes foina)c	Striped skunk(Mephitis spp.)	Raccoon(Procyon lotor)	Bobcat (Lynx rufus)
Distribution	Northern hemisphere, Australia	North America	SW USA, NW Mexico	Europe, Asia	Europe, Central Asia	North America	North America	North America
Social group	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No	Males	No
Urban social group size	2.2–6.6	4–6	1–3	5.5	Solitary	Solitary	-	Solitary
Adult urban density	2–12 km-2	0.3–3 km-2	-	33 km-2 b	4.7–5.8 km-2	2–7 km-2	125–333 km-2	0.04–0.28 km-2
Exclusive territories	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes—Intersexual	No	No	No
Size of urban home range	0.14 km2 a	3–36 km2	1.2 km2	0.09 km2 (group)	1.13 (m)0.37 (f) km2	0.51–0.64 km2	0.05–0.79 km2	1.3–6.4 km2
Urban extent in home range	Fully	Mixed	Fully	Fully	Fully	Fully	Fully	Fully
Seasonal breeder	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Typically one litter per social group	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No	No	No

A summary of ecological traits of selected urban carnivores. Information summarised from [2] with data from ^a [39], ^b [52] and ^c [53]; (-) denotes limited information.