Table 3. Comparison between pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokine expression and clinical and imaging data in periapical granulomas.

Clinical/Imaging Data	N	Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines				Anti-Inflammatory Cytokines
		IL-1β	IL-6	TNF-α	IFN-γ	IL-4	TGF-β
Symptoms
Presence	12	0.48±0.52	0.30±0.10	0.26±0.17	0.43±0.22	0.68±0.34	0.58±0.72
Absence	8	0.17±0.22	0.27±0.28	0.32±0.31	0.37±0.19	0.90±0.26	0.47±0.62
Sinus Tract
Presence	6	0.56±0.61	0.33±0.24	0.23±0.19	0.40±0.17	0.90±0.30	0.56±0.59
Absence	14	0.27±0.34	0.27±0.16	0.31±0.25	0.41±0.22	0.71±0.33	0.52±0.71
Endodontic treatment
≤4 years	12	0.45±0.52	0.33±0.19	0.25±0.15	0.38±0.13	0.80±0.22	0.46±0.68
>4 years	8	0.22±0.27	0.22±0.16	0.35±0.33	0.45±0.29	0.72±0.45	0.65±0.66
Diameter
<5 mm	9	0.28±0.40	0.33±0.20	0.42±0.27 *	0.40±0.14	0.66±0.41	0.55±0.66
≥5 mm	11	0.41±0.49	0.25±0.18	0.18±0.14	0.41±0.26	0.85±0.22	0.52±0.70

Values are expressed as mean ± standard deviation of the scores given for staining intensity.

^*p<0.05, Mann-Whitney Test