Table 1.
Clinical features of all identified diabetic participants of different age groups
| Variables | < 65 years (n = 639,722) | 65–74 years (n = 164,643) | ≥ 75 years (n = 126,344) | p value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographic and socioeconomic profiles | ||||
| Age (years) | 51.2 ± 9.1 | 69.7 ± 2.9 | 81.4 ± 4.8 | < 0.01 |
| Gender (female %) | 277,492 (43.4) | 87,364 (53.1) | 65.451 (51.8) | < 0.01 |
| Residential location (urban %) | 444,656 (69.5) | 104,279 (63.3) | 77.992 (61.7) | < 0.01 |
| Comorbidities | ||||
| Hypertension (%) | 296,299 (46.3) | 115,549 (70.2) | 99,891 (79.1) | < 0.01 |
| Hyperlipidemia (%) | 264,071 (41.3) | 70,962 (43.1) | 39,633 (31.4) | < 0.01 |
| Chronic liver disease (%) | 125,981 (19.7) | 28,608 (17.4) | 16,426 (13.0) | < 0.01 |
| Atrial fibrillation (%) | 26,783 (4.2) | 16,569 (10.1) | 22,952 (18.2) | < 0.01 |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (%) | 19,154 (3.0) | 14,684 (8.9) | 23,931 (18.9) | < 0.01 |
| Acute coronary syndrome (%) | 53,741 (8.4) | 32,860 (20.0) | 36,698 (29.0) | < 0.01 |
| Cerebrovascular disease (%) | 36,683 (5.7) | 27,355 (16.6) | 39,837 (31.5) | < 0.01 |
| Malignancy (%) | 24,989 (3.9) | 12,881 (7.8) | 13,275 (10.5) | < 0.01 |
| Parkinsonism (%) | 2300 (0.4) | 3008 (1.8) | 7503 (5.9) | < 0.01 |
| Chronic kidney disease (%) | 56,875 (8.9) | 22,581 (13.7) | 28,689 (22.7) | < 0.01 |
| Advanced chronic kidney disease (%) | 342 (0.1) | 274 (0.2) | 425 (0.3) | < 0.01 |
| Past experience of AKI (%) | 6218 (1.0) | 2850 (1.7) | 5748 (4.5) | < 0.01 |
| Peripheral vascular disease (%) | 5371 (0.8) | 3320 (2.0) | 4356 (3.4) | < 0.01 |
| Benign prostatic hyperplasia (%) | 20,773 (3.2) | 18,496 (11.2) | 23,912 (18.9) | < 0.01 |
| Intervention before the index date | ||||
| Computed tomography of any site (%) | 48,993 (7.7) | 19,554 (11.9) | 22,278 (17.6) | < 0.01 |
| Cardiac catheterization (%) | 7933 (1.2) | 4475 (2.7) | 4397 (3.5) | < 0.01 |
| Angiography of any site (%) | 7379 (1.2) | 4205 (2.6) | 4160 (3.3) | < 0.01 |
| Cystoscopy with or without biopsy (%) | 10,444 (1.6) | 4379 (2.7) | 4525 (3.6) | < 0.01 |
| Transurethral resection of prostate (%) | 438 (0.1) | 1181 (0.7) | 1622 (1.3) | < 0.01 |
| Chronic medication use | ||||
| Aspirin (%) | 140,428 (22.0) | 61,523 (37.4) | 47,224 (37.4) | < 0.01 |
| β-blocker (%) | 198,102 (31.0) | 65,605 (39.8) | 42,452 (33.6) | < 0.01 |
| ACEI (%) | 100,158 (15.7) | 31,863 (19.4) | 22,292 (17.6) | < 0.01 |
| ARB (%) | 239,566 (37.4) | 82,353 (50.0) | 57,976 (45.9) | < 0.01 |
| Clopidogrel (%) | 19,270 (3.0) | 10,713 (6.5) | 11,144 (8.8) | < 0.01 |
| Statin (%) | 307,840 (48.1) | 80,933 (49.2) | 41,023 (32.5) | < 0.01 |
| Fibrate (%) | 117,017 (18.3) | 19,796 (12.0) | 8618 (6.8) | < 0.01 |
| Ezetimibe (%) | 27,531 (4.3) | 6582 (4.0) | 2897 (2.3) | < 0.01 |
| Calcium channel blocker (%) | 261,502 (40.9) | 99,499 (60.4) | 74,815 (59.2) | < 0.01 |
| α-blocker (%) | 33,735 (5.3) | 20,341 (12.4) | 18,070 (14.3) | < 0.01 |
| Wafarin (%) | 6265 (1.0) | 4493 (2.7) | 4773 (3.8) | < 0.01 |
| Platinum-based anti-neoplastic agents (%) | 5361 (0.8) | 1662 (1.0) | 604 (0.5) | < 0.01 |
| Atypical anti-psychotics (%) | 13,837 (2.2) | 5803 (3.5) | 11,002 (8.7) | < 0.01 |
| Nephrotoxic anti-bacterials (%)* | 1096 (0.2) | 454 (0.3) | 376 (0.3) | < 0.01 |
| Nephrotoxic anti-virals (%)& | 1128 (0.2) | 193 (0.1) | 66 (0.1) | < 0.01 |
| Cyclosporin/tacrolimus (%) | 678 (0.1) | 73 (< 0.1) | 2 (< 0.1) | < 0.01 |
| Lithium (%) | 1760 (0.3) | 144 (0.1) | 31 (< 0.1) | < 0.01 |
| Anti-diabetic medications | ||||
| Insulin (%) | 31,840 (5.0) | 4836 (2.9) | 4451 (3.5) | < 0.01 |
| Biguanides (%) | 426,930 (66.7) | 96,100 (58.4) | 5,0051 (39.6) | < 0.01 |
| Sulfonylurea (%) | 316,085 (49.4) | 68,697 (41.7) | 36,986 (29.3) | < 0.01 |
| Meglitinide (%) | 40,731 (6.4) | 11,847 (7.2) | 10,388 (8.2) | < 0.01 |
| α-glucosidase (%) | 71,674 (11.2) | 16,516 (10.0) | 10,895 (8.6) | < 0.01 |
| Thiazolidinedione (%) | 52,333 (8.2) | 8819 (5.4) | 3832 (3.0) | < 0.01 |
| DPP4 inhibitor (%) | 111,001 (17.4) | 21,283 (12.9) | 12,010 (9.5) | < 0.01 |
Data are expressed as mean ± standard deviation for continuous variable and number (percentage) for categorical variables
ACEI, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; AKI, acute kidney injury; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker; DPP4i, dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitor
*Including vancomycin, aminoglycosides, and colistin
&Including acyclovir and ganciclovir