Table 2.
Crude and adjusted odds ratio of risk factors for AKI among participants lower than 65 years
| Variables | Univariate | Multivariate | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR | 95% CI | p value | OR | 95% CI | p value | |
| Demographic and socioeconomic profiles | ||||||
| Residential location (urban %) | 0.87 | 0.82–0.93 | < 0.01 | 0.94 | 0.86–1.02 | 0.14 |
| Comorbidities | ||||||
| Hypertension (%) | 1.91 | 1.79–2.04 | < 0.01 | 1.86 | 1.69–2.04 | < 0.01 |
| Hyperlipidemia (%) | 0.61 | 0.57–0.65 | < 0.01 | 0.78 | 0.71–0.85 | < 0.01 |
| Chronic liver disease (%) | 1.46 | 1.36–1.55 | < 0.01 | 1.33 | 1.22–1.46 | < 0.01 |
| Atrial fibrillation (%) | 1.73 | 1.54–1.94 | < 0.01 | 1.37 | 1.17–1.61 | < 0.01 |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (%) | 1.77 | 1.55–2.01 | < 0.01 | 1.17 | 0.98–1.39 | 0.09 |
| Acute coronary syndrome (%) | 1.57 | 1.45–1.71 | < 0.01 | 1.52 | 1.34–1.73 | < 0.01 |
| Cerebrovascular disease (%) | 2.41 | 2.19–2.66 | < 0.01 | 2.34 | 2.05–2.67 | < 0.01 |
| Malignancy (%) | 3.68 | 3.29–4.12 | < 0.01 | 3.5 | 3.02–4.05 | < 0.01 |
| Parkinsonism (%) | 2.42 | 1.73–3.38 | < 0.01 | 1.74 | 1.12–2.68 | < 0.01 |
| Chronic kidney disease (%) | 5.78 | 5.33–6.27 | < 0.01 | 4.62 | 4.18–5.1 | < 0.01 |
| Advanced chronic kidney disease (%) | 8.71 | 6.14–12.36 | < 0.01 | 2.94 | 1.94–4.44 | < 0.01 |
| Past experience of AKI (%) | 11.61 | 9.25–14.56 | < 0.01 | 3.26 | 2.51–4.24 | < 0.01 |
| Peripheral vascular disease (%) | 2.72 | 2.21–3.35 | < 0.01 | 2.42 | 1.84–3.19 | < 0.01 |
| Benign prostatic hyperplasia (%) | 1.22 | 1.08–1.37 | < 0.01 | 0.84 | 0.71–0.99 | 0.04 |
| Intervention before the index date | ||||||
| Computed tomography of any site (%) | 2.33 | 2.1–2.58 | < 0.01 | 1.31 | 1.13–1.52 | < 0.01 |
| Cardiac catheterization (%) | 1.62 | 1.27–2.05 | < 0.01 | 1.13 | 0.72–1.78 | 0.6 |
| Angiography of any site (%) | 1.84 | 1.44–2.33 | < 0.01 | 0.69 | 0.44–1.08 | < 0.01 |
| Cystoscopy with or without biopsy (%) | 1.66 | 1.32–2.1 | < 0.01 | 0.51 | 0.37–0.7 | < 0.01 |
| Transurethral resection of prostate (%) | 0.8 | 0.22–2.98 | 0.74 | |||
| Chronic medication use | ||||||
| Aspirin (%) | 0.84 | 0.79–0.9 | < 0.01 | 0.7 | 0.63–0.78 | < 0.01 |
| β-blocker (%) | 1.1 | 1.04–1.17 | < 0.01 | 0.84 | 0.77–0.92 | < 0.01 |
| ACEI (%) | 1.08 | 1–1.16 | < 0.01 | 0.97 | 0.88–1.08 | < 0.01 |
| ARB (%) | 0.98 | 0.93–1.04 | 0.57 | |||
| Clopidogrel (%) | 1.28 | 1.11–1.47 | < 0.01 | 1.01 | 0.82–1.25 | 0.94 |
| Statin (%) | 0.52 | 0.49–0.55 | < 0.01 | 0.54 | 0.49–0.6 | < 0.01 |
| Fibrate (%) | 0.58 | 0.54–0.63 | < 0.01 | 0.67 | 0.6–0.74 | < 0.01 |
| Ezetimibe (%) | 0.84 | 0.73–0.97 | 0.02 | 1.04 | 0.85–1.27 | 0.7 |
| Calcium channel blocker (%) | 1.04 | 0.98–1.1 | 0.23 | |||
| α-blocker (%) | 1.39 | 1.25–1.55 | < 0.01 | 1.06 | 0.91–1.24 | < 0.01 |
| Wafarin (%) | 1.89 | 1.5–2.38 | < 0.01 | 1.25 | 0.92–1.71 | 0.16 |
| Platinum-based anti-neoplastic agents (%) | 2.54 | 1.91–3.37 | < 0.01 | 1.44 | 0.99–2.1 | 0.06 |
| Atypical anti-psychotics (%) | 1.58 | 1.33–1.87 | < 0.01 | 1.55 | 1.23–1.94 | 0.01 |
| Nephrotoxic anti-bacterials (%)* | 1.83 | 1.03–3.26 | 0.04 | 1.28 | 0.57–2.9 | 0.55 |
| Nephrotoxic anti-virals (%)& | 1.42 | 0.68–2.97 | 0.36 | |||
| Cyclosporin/tacrolimus (%) | 2.74 | 1.62–4.63 | < 0.01 | 0.94 | 0.49–1.83 | 0.86 |
| Lithium (%) | 1.61 | 0.9–2.9 | 0.11 | |||
| Anti-diabetic medications | ||||||
| Insulin (%) | 2.68 | 2.4–2.99 | < 0.01 | 2.43 | 2.1–2.81 | < 0.01 |
| Biguanides (%) | 0.5 | 0.47–0.53 | < 0.01 | 0.59 | 0.53–0.65 | < 0.01 |
| Sulfonylurea (%) | 0.87 | 0.82–0.92 | < 0.01 | 1.36 | 1.24–1.5 | < 0.01 |
| Meglitinide (%) | 1.82 | 1.64–2.01 | < 0.01 | 1.36 | 1.18–1.56 | < 0.01 |
| α-glucosidase (%) | 1.02 | 0.94–1.11 | 0.65 | |||
| Thiazolidinedione (%) | 0.86 | 0.78–0.96 | < 0.01 | 1.1 | 0.95–1.28 | 0.19 |
| DPP4 inhibitor (%) | 0.67 | 0.62–0.73 | < 0.01 | 0.66 | 0.58–0.74 | < 0.01 |
*Including vancomycin, aminoglycosides, and colistin
&Including acyclovir and ganciclovir
ACEI, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; AKI, acute kidney injury; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker; CI, confidence interval; CKD, chronic kidney disease; DPP4, dipeptidyl peptidase 4; OR, odds ratio