Table 3.
Crude and adjusted odds ratio of risk factors for AKI among participants between 65 and 75 years
| Variables | Univariate | Multivariate | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR | 95% CI | p value | OR | 95% CI | p value | |
| Demographic and socioeconomic profiles | ||||||
| Residential location (urban %) | 0.88 | 0.81–0.96 | < 0.01 | 0.98 | 0.88–1.08 | 0.66 |
| Comorbidities | ||||||
| Hypertension (%) | 1.79 | 1.61–2 | < 0.01 | 2.11 | 1.8–2.47 | < 0.01 |
| Hyperlipidemia (%) | 0.61 | 0.57–0.67 | < 0.01 | 0.82 | 0.73–0.93 | < 0.01 |
| Chronic liver disease (%) | 1.24 | 1.13–1.36 | < 0.01 | 1.01 | 0.9–1.14 | 0.86 |
| Atrial fibrillation (%) | 1.58 | 1.42–1.77 | < 0.01 | 1.27 | 1.1–1.47 | < 0.01 |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (%) | 1.83 | 1.63–2.04 | < 0.01 | 1.45 | 1.26–1.67 | < 0.01 |
| Acute coronary syndrome (%) | 1.51 | 1.39–1.65 | < 0.01 | 1.38 | 1.22–1.57 | < 0.01 |
| Cerebrovascular disease (%) | 1.98 | 1.81–2.17 | < 0.01 | 1.74 | 1.55–1.96 | < 0.01 |
| Malignancy (%) | 2.66 | 2.36–3.01 | < 0.01 | 2.25 | 1.93–2.64 | < 0.01 |
| Parkinsonism (%) | 1.69 | 1.38–2.07 | < 0.01 | 1.2 | 0.93–1.55 | 0.17 |
| Chronic kidney disease (%) | 4.26 | 3.85–4.71 | < 0.01 | 3.53 | 3.13–3.99 | < 0.01 |
| Advanced chronic kidney disease (%) | 4.19 | 2.73–6.43 | < 0.01 | 1.4 | 0.83–2.36 | 0.2 |
| Past experience of AKI (%) | 6.72 | 5.18–8.72 | < 0.01 | 2.17 | 1.6–2.94 | < 0.01 |
| Peripheral vascular disease (%) | 1.87 | 1.52–2.31 | < 0.01 | 1.6 | 1.23–2.09 | < 0.01 |
| Benign prostatic hyperplasia (%) | 1.12 | 1–1.25 | 0.05 | |||
| Intervention before the index date | ||||||
| Computed tomography of any site (%) | 1.87 | 1.66–2.12 | < 0.01 | 1.06 | 0.9–1.25 | 0.46 |
| Cardiac catheterization (%) | 1.98 | 1.57–2.51 | < 0.01 | 1.27 | 0.82–1.97 | 0.28 |
| Angiography of any site (%) | 2.18 | 1.7–2.79 | < 0.01 | 1.23 | 0.79–1.91 | 0.35 |
| Cystoscopy with or without biopsy (%) | 1.55 | 1.22–1.96 | < 0.01 | 0.68 | 0.5–0.92 | < 0.01 |
| Transurethral resection of prostate (%) | 0.87 | 0.55–1.38 | 0.56 | |||
| Chronic medication use | ||||||
| Aspirin (%) | 0.78 | 0.72–0.85 | < 0.01 | 0.77 | 0.68–0.86 | < 0.01 |
| β-blocker (%) | 0.87 | 0.81–0.95 | < 0.01 | 0.89 | 0.79–0.99 | 0.04 |
| ACEI (%) | 0.91 | 0.83–1 | 0.05 | |||
| ARB (%) | 0.81 | 0.75–0.88 | < 0.01 | 0.87 | 0.78–0.98 | 0.02 |
| Clopidogrel (%) | 1.27 | 1.1–1.46 | < 0.01 | 1.11 | 0.92–1.35 | 0.26 |
| Statin (%) | 0.48 | 0.44–0.52 | < 0.01 | 0.59 | 0.52–0.67 | < 0.01 |
| Fibrate (%) | 0.62 | 0.55–0.71 | < 0.01 | 0.78 | 0.66–0.91 | < 0.01 |
| Ezetimibe (%) | 0.71 | 0.57–0.87 | < 0.01 | 0.83 | 0.63–1.09 | 0.17 |
| Calcium channel blocker (%) | 0.72 | 0.67–0.79 | < 0.01 | 0.6 | 0.53–0.68 | < 0.01 |
| α-blocker (%) | 0.98 | 0.88–1.1 | 0.75 | |||
| Wafarin (%) | 1.29 | 1.05–1.59 | 0.02 | 1.04 | 0.79–1.37 | 0.79 |
| Platinum-based anti-neoplastic agents (%) | 1.61 | 1.11–2.35 | < 0.01 | 1.39 | 0.88–2.19 | 0.16 |
| Atypical anti-psychotics (%) | 1.58 | 1.31–1.89 | < 0.01 | 1.19 | 0.95–1.5 | 0.14 |
| Nephrotoxic anti-bacterials (%)* | 0.62 | 0.31–1.24 | 0.17 | |||
| Nephrotoxic anti-virals (%)& | 0.25 | 0.05–1.18 | 0.08 | |||
| Cyclosporin/tacrolimus (%) | 1.00 | 0.25–4 | 1 | |||
| Lithium (%) | 3.00 | 0.97–9.3 | 0.06 | |||
| Anti-diabetic medications | ||||||
| Insulin (%) | 2.14 | 1.76–2.61 | < 0.01 | 1.79 | 1.4–2.3 | < 0.01 |
| Biguanides (%) | 0.51 | 0.47–0.56 | < 0.01 | 0.73 | 0.65–0.82 | < 0.01 |
| Sulfonylurea (%) | 0.78 | 0.71–0.84 | < 0.01 | 1.25 | 1.11–1.41 | < 0.01 |
| Meglitinide (%) | 1.5 | 1.31–1.71 | < 0.01 | 1.4 | 1.18–1.66 | < 0.01 |
| α-glucosidase (%) | 0.88 | 0.77–1 | 0.04 | 0.91 | 0.77–1.07 | 0.25 |
| Thiazolidinedione (%) | 0.82 | 0.69–0.97 | 0.02 | 1.04 | 0.84–1.29 | 0.75 |
| DPP4 inhibitor (%) | 0.69 | 0.61–0.78 | < 0.01 | 0.82 | 0.7–0.96 | 0.02 |
*Including vancomycin, aminoglycosides, and colistin
&Including acyclovir and ganciclovir
ACEI, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; AKI, acute kidney injury; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker; CI, confidence interval; CKD, chronic kidney disease; DPP4, dipeptidyl peptidase 4; OR, odds ratio